Time travel experiment demonstrates how to avoid the grandfather paradox (Update)
March 1, 2011 By Lisa Zyga
This graph shows that, as the accuracy of the quantum gun increases (from 0 to 180 degrees) so that it is more likely to flip a qubit’s state, the probability of successful self-consistent teleportation (red dots) decreases. While the theoretical probability of teleportation of qubits in opposite states is zero, the experimental probability of qubits in opposite states (blue diamonds) is about 0.01. Image caption: Seth Lloyd, et al. ©2011 American Physical Society.
(PhysOrg.com) -- Among the many intriguing concepts in Einsteins relativity theories is the idea of closed timelike curves (CTCs), which are paths in spacetime that return to their starting points. As such, CTCs offer the possibility of traveling back in time. But, as many science fiction films have addressed, time travel is full of potential paradoxes. Perhaps the most notable of these is the grandfather paradox, in which a time traveler goes back in time and kills her grandfather, preventing her own birth.
In a new study, a team of researchers has proposed a new theory of CTCs that can resolve the grandfather paradox, and they also perform an experiment showing how such a scheme works. The researchers, led by Seth Lloyd from MIT, along with scientists from the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa, Italy; the University of Pavia in Pavia, Italy; the Tokyo Institute of Technology; and the University of Toronto, have published their study in a recent issue of Physical Review Letters. The concepts in the study are similar to an earlier study by some of the same authors that was posted at arXiv.org last year.
Einstein's theory of general relativity supports closed timelike curves, Lloyd told PhysOrg.com. For decades researchers have argued over how to treat such objects quantum mechanically. We believe that our theory is the correct theory of such objects. Moreover, our theory shows how time travel might be accomplished even in the absence of general relativistic closed timelike curves.
In the new theory, CTCs are required to behave like ideal quantum channels of the sort involved in teleportation. In this theory, self-consistent CTCs (those that dont result in paradoxes) are postselected, and are called P-CTCs. As the scientists explain, this theory differs from the widely accepted quantum theory of CTCs proposed by physicist David Deutsch, in which a time traveler maintains self-consistency by traveling back into a different past than the one she remembers. In the P-CTC formulation, time travelers must travel to the past they remember.
Although postselecting CTCs may seem complicated, it can actually be investigated experimentally in laboratory simulations. By sending a living qubit (i.e., a bit in the state 1) a few billionths of a second back in time to try to kill its former self (i.e., flip to the state 0), the scientists show that only photons that dont kill themselves can make the journey.
P-CTCs work by projecting out part of the quantum state, Lloyd said. Another way of thinking about closed timelike curves is the following. In normal physics (i.e., without closed timelike curves), one specifies the state of a system in the past, and the laws of physics then tell how that state evolves in the future. In the presence of CTCs, this prescription breaks down: the state in the past plus the laws of physics no longer suffice to specify the state in the future. In addition, one has to supply final conditions as well as initial conditions. In our case, these final conditions specify the state when it enters the closed timelike curve in the future. These final conditions are what project out part of the quantum state as described above.
Although one would need a real general relativistic CTC actually to impose final conditions, we can still simulate how such a CTC would work by setting up the initial condition, letting the system evolve, and then making a measurement. One of the possible outcomes of the measurement corresponds to the final condition that we would like to impose. Whenever that outcome occurs, then everything that has happened in the experiment up to that point is exactly the same as if the photon had gone backward in time and tried to kill its former self. So when we post-select that outcome, the experiment is equivalent to a real CTC.
To demonstrate, the scientists stored two qubits in a single photon, one of which represents the forward-traveling qubit, and one of which represents the backward-traveling qubit. The backward-traveling qubit can teleport through a quantum channel (CTC) only if the CTC ends by projecting the two entangled qubits into the same state.
After the qubits are entangled, their states are measured by two probe qubits. Next, a quantum gun is fired at the forward-traveling qubit, which, depending on the guns angle, may or may not rotate the qubits polarization. The qubits states are measured again to find out if the gun has flipped the forward-traveling qubits polarization or not. If both qubits are in the same state (00 or 11), then the gun has not flipped the polarization and the photon survives. If the qubits states are not equal (01 or 10), then the photon has killed its past self. The experiments results showed that the qubits states were almost always equal, showing that a qubit cannot kill its former self.
The scientists noted that their experiment cannot test whether an actual CTC obeys their new theory, since it is currently unknown whether CTCs exist at all. In the future, they plan to perform more tests to better understand time travel paradoxes.
We want to perform the so-called `unproved theorem paradox' experiment, in which the time traveler sees an elegant proof of a theorem in a book, Lloyd said. She goes back in time and shows the proof to a mathematician, who includes the proof in the book that he is writing. Of course, the book is the same book from which the time traveler took the proof in the first place. Where did the proof come from? Our theory has a specific prediction/retrodiction for this paradox, which we wish to test experimentally.
More information: Seth Lloyd, et al. Closed Timelike Curves via Postselection: Theory and Experimental Test of Consistency. Physical Review Letters 106, 040403 (2011). DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.040403
Copyright 2010 PhysOrg.com.
All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or part without the express written permission of PhysOrg.com.
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Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 2.4 / 5 (18)
Teleportation is a futuristic word I like to hear. I wish wormholes had been mentioned as well. This tech will eventually allow people to see real life copies of loved ones who have passed away.
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 1.8 / 5 (17)
But it doesn't get us to Alpha Centauri, cure cancer or pay off the national debt..
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 4.7 / 5 (16)
...yet.
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 2.4 / 5 (11)
The people that work on these things don't worry about such tedious things like paying off the national debt... you speak as if these studies are absolutely useless which is completely ignorant. Wormholes could potentially get us anywhere in the universe and could become our main medium of space travel (granted they exist). Curing cancer on the other hand has most likely already be done...
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 2.1 / 5 (12)
Then again I refuse to embrace entanglement too. I guess I've been strung along too long.
Mar 01, 2011
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Mar 01, 2011
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Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
If you want to read something? Go check out what the cranks are pushing at arxiv. You know where to look. When you get bored of MOG look at Cahill's 3-space/aether for s@$#s and giggles. Heck, do some math and try to fit in omr's repulsion and Tux's stellar factories.
Anyway, my point was just that we seem to be testing the unintuitive limits of relativity, so maybe we need some more people to try different theories. GR should be the marker.
(A World Without Time by Yourgrau was a decent read. Keep in mind Yourgrau's position that Godel was the second coming though.)
Mar 01, 2011
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Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
Who're you talking to? I'd stop feeding orphans, on the government tax dime, before I'd cut research funding.
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 3.6 / 5 (9)
No thanks.
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (2)
If you set it up right, couldn't you go back in time to when Alpha Centauri was where you are now?
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 4 / 5 (8)
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (5)
Is there something I'm not getting?
Also, what exactly distinguishes the "forward" qubit from the "backward" one? Is it just that the "backward" one is the one fired upon?
Mar 01, 2011
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@bluehigh: Don't get started with preferential frames. You tread close to the abyss. Noodle a little bit about conservation (mass, information, momentum) as well to give yourself a headache.
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 1.6 / 5 (7)
I hate you 2D conspiracy nuts. Youre all paranoia and bile. Get out of your hovel. Go get some exercise. Throw that pic of Chairman Mao away.
'Surfdom' -Is that in Malibu? Rincon? Waimea maybe?
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 4 / 5 (3)
Kinda makes it very difficult to be killing grandfathers. Expect a photon with time travelling qubits embedded to get ripped to shreads.
Unless: time is bound to mass in such a way that local time moves with associated mass through space, if anyone can even imagine what that implies.
We've got space-time. Is there mass-time?
Ok ... i'll go take my medication!
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
mass-time? May I suggest less medication?
Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (4)
Whenever you once were. Is wherever you are not now.
Preferential frames of reference don't change the fact that we are in a different location relative to and from everything.
.. its neither here nor there cause it doesn't matter.
Mar 01, 2011
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Mar 01, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Mar 02, 2011
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It's a relief anyway. If we went back in time we wouldn't have to worry about stepping on that butterfly, and changing all of reality in a butterfly-effect event.
Mar 02, 2011
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And I have never believed in time paradoxes. If time travel is actually possible, you are killing someone else's grandfather, not your own. Not as in parallel(though this could be it also), but more along the lines of your present being further down the stream and never touching the "current" past.
For example:
Year 2011, you go back 21(1990) years, kill your father, and return to present. Your father is still alive(your 2011). Wait 21 years(2032), and return to 2011(changed 2011). You find that you father had died in this past, but is still alive in your present.
In this way you can forever change the past, and it will never catch up with your true present. But if you stay in that past, your true present will be forever unchanged, apart from you being absent from it(which would only occur if you stay in the past beyond your true present departure date).
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (4)
They might have said this about the Internet. Yet the net, and cell phone cameras, have enabled us to see the full truth, unfiltered by mainstream media editorial decisions. This has led to a major revolt for freedom in the Middle East. Technology frees. Yes, it can be misused, but the people who know the most about technology are the smart ones, and they will always be one step ahead of the dummies who still think controlling people is a good idea.
Mar 02, 2011
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Mar 02, 2011
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Basically, think of a cube, which is the 3 dimensions, now picture the hypercube as the 4th dimensional version, with all Axis beyond the original 3 as time. So if you move up or down in the 4th dimension, you are moving into the past and into the future. You would need to move in a diagonal direction to return to a past event and also be in the proper segment in space.
Our problem is, we have no objective view of this 4th dimension because we are moving uncontrollably in one direction along it's axis. As if we came from an explosion and have no choice but to sail along our given time path.
To tear ourselves out of this time path, would require enourmous energies to reverse the momentum along this path.
Mar 02, 2011
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Mar 02, 2011
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Time has similarities with a dimension but I'm not convinced it's a real dimension (like the 3 dimensions of space) through which you can move. We detect time only becaue there are periodic processes to which we can relate, like day and night, the seasons, etc. Those periodic processes slow down if you move faster but i'm not convinced you can go back in time. If you could there probably would be no paradox because you will actually change everything and end up in another normal timeline just like an observer changes the outcome in the double slit experiment.
Mar 02, 2011
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otherwise we would be seeing numerous examples of travelers from the future coming back and messing with us, and we don't see that at all.
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
if it were possible we would be flooded with travelers from other timelines, probably an infinite amount of them which would tear a hole in the spacetime continuum. i think this justifies the use of LOL.
Mar 02, 2011
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Mar 02, 2011
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Mar 02, 2011
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You already know that if you don't observe the electrons they will behave like waves therefore you know the future result of the experiment. The next step is to perform the experiment again but this time observe the electrons. Because you have observed the electrons they behave like particles therefore you have a different result. Instead of performing the experiment twice you can imagine that you have performed the experiment once and after that you got back in time and performed the experiment by observing the electrons therefore changing the timeline.
Mar 02, 2011
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This implies that no change to a timeline is possible where any interference, measurement or observation occurs.
Therefore backward time travel for physical objects is unable to be realised and that CTCs are a mathematical artifact.
Though I guess theres nothing to prohibit the arrow of time reversing but I guess time travel without knowing you have gone back in time is a bit of a fizzer.
If we could hit the rewind button on time, would we be dead before we are born?
Mar 02, 2011
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I think the idea of CTC's touches exactly on that: there *is* at least one route that would get ya back to the starting point, and that pathway is a CTC.
but then .. im just an ignorant layman ...
Mar 02, 2011
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Mar 02, 2011
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Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 4 / 5 (1)
I'm envisioning something more along the lines of "The One" with Jet Li. I like the idea that there are multiple panorama's out there and if I kill them I will have a quickening type event and get a little stronger.
Mar 02, 2011
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The entire premise for the current relativistic model is grossly incorrect.
Results will always vary directly ACCORDING to the laws of physics and action for any given Determinant of relative and RELEVANT differential change within a given envelope. I'm sure Schrodinger and Heiseburg would agree with me with my postulate.
They must and WILL always balance. The physics of Relativity theory today is (largely) valid for our observable universe, but sadly it's underlying Cosmology is often more fiction than fact. It's sad that so many $ and talented minds are wasted chasing Mother Goose at the base of our knowledge pyramid.
Mar 02, 2011
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Mar 02, 2011
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However, IMHO, time travel isn't possible and CTCs are an artifact of an incomplete theory.
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
Note 2: I think GR is great, but its limits show that it is incomplete (Godel again). Relativity's predictive power has been shown again and again. I just think there is more to it.
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
On the other hand, if you assume that states vary continuously along these CTC (or any curves for that matter), then Deutch;s criteria follow follow as a mathematical necessity. And instead of treating CTC as some abstract quantum channels, if we treat them for what they are, i have a feeling even the post-selection criterion will follow mathematically from the set-up, rather having to have it imposed from above. And the continuity assumption is almost built into both the quantum AND the GR from the beginning.
Mar 02, 2011
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Mar 02, 2011
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Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (5)
The heuristic incompleteness of our understanding of physics is fundamentally different from the proven, unchangeable incompleteness of certain axiomatic systems dealing with netural numbers.
This is because the objects of maths are different from the objects of physics.
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 1.5 / 5 (2)
I believe the theorem can be extended to include any non-trivial system to a certain extent. Godel himself showed the conflict between GR and the intuitive with his Godel universes. I believe singularities are another example of the completeness problem within GR. It may be possible to limit the completeness problem in any system to the trivial, "this is a lie," but I still believe that ultimately any theory will have its limits. Our goal should be to push those limits to the absurd, thereby enhancing our predictive powers to any feasible situation.
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
Point being, CTC's, wormholes, singularities, etc. all seem to be unintuitive fallacies resulting from the limits of GR's ability to model/explain the universe.
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (6)
They ARE absolutely useless, unless you're using some other, uncommon, definition of the word "use". Since I'm admittedly ignorant of how such studies could really actually be useful, please enlighten me.
And what's all this about killing your grandfather? As fragile and complex a process as conception is, going back and changing any aspect of your grandparents' lives earlier on "parent conception day" would change which sperm fertilized the egg, or even IF. Kill? Unnecessary. Heck, just hand him a $5 he supposedly dropped, or just strike up a conversation with grandma. Damage done.
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
research the double slit experiment, you never hear more than the high school textbook version which is that when you measure something (could be any experiment) you change it, well its not the mental process of "observing the data" which makes it change its the measuring device which can never be 100% accurate without interfering with the thing it is measuring.
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Reasons aside, we agree on a conclusion.
Mar 02, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (4)
Get off this forum, you skinhead wannabe. Learn how to spell serfdom, you dunce.
Mar 03, 2011
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Your reply, is why I said Einstein's buddies would agree with me. But there-in lays the problem. As humans, we always digress from our own view point.
Mar 03, 2011
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Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Twin Paradox does not exist.
Give both the twin task that they must keep track of how many times Venus has surrounded the sun, to meet each other again.
Change their time, one will have a different number of Venus' circle the sun than the other and they have good reasons for not having it. It is therefore not possible to change the time.
Have the twins' clocks time different, at least one of the clocks going wrong.
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 2 / 5 (1)
Frajo. Your quote of Wittgenstein's Adage:
"The limits of your languages are the limits of your world"
comes to mind. (The original you understand, as well)
Of course, being human is "the proof in the pudding" to this adage. And, of course, the 'language' of physics and the 'language' of math are just that - two languages. And, of course, we both don't regard languages as 'merely' languages. We regard them as 'extensions' to our personal vocabulary.
Surely there exists a 'translation' between both languages, both vocabularies, that is able to 'satisfy' both camps of meaning:
Physics and Math.
Where translation is possible, no matter how poor, "fundamental differences" decline at a half life rate.
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Physical phenomenon follow mathematical relationships. That math can be used to describe our physical world is inherent. Math started with quantity. That it can be used to predict the outcomes of interactions between forces is astounding. Math is not a language. We use language to describe math so we can study and discuss it, but math is math. We use the language of math in our description of physics because of math's universal applicability.
That was a huge post of nothing!!! I love it.
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
We create logical systems, theories, to describe the interactions in our world. Godel showed that within an axiomatic system there are statements that are true but unprovable and that the consistency of the system is not provable.
Within GR we can create situations with CTC's, singularities, etc. These are intuitively not possible, I think. In addition to searching the possibility of these, I think we should be exploring other adaptations of the theory that eliminate them. Any system will have limitations.
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 2 / 5 (1)
Quantum time-travel is not the answer though; quantum mechanics is a mathematical epiphenomenon evident in its reliance on complex numbers, which are not real, but a result of a very unfortunate turn away from geometric algebra in the last century.
Holographic time-travel is however predicted by the holographic correspondence between 4D and 5D space-times. The natural 5D space-time in this correspondence has two dimensions of time (and therefore allows time-travel), but is usually unwrapped to a fourth dimension of space, because of difficulty accepting time-travel; big mistake?
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
You are free.
To interpret math as you wish.
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
"...because of math's universal applicabliity."
You are free.
To interpret math as you wish.
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Actually, no, you're not. Hence why mathematics is usable to describe reality as it arises from reality.
Math is an abstract of measurement without true definition beyond what is agreed upon, however, changing the symbols does not alter the validity and expression of the fundamental existence of the construct. Pi is always Pi in our universe, and perhaps beyond it, but to sstate that it transcends reality as some of you are is unfalsifiable, meaning opinion without evidence.
Mar 05, 2011
Rank: 4 / 5 (2)
You misunderstood because I did not state clearly:
There is only one language for humans. The human language.
There is no dichotomy. Of course, the 'parts' of the human language have been given 'names' - oddly enough, more often than not - the names of the region or countries from whence the 'parts' supposedly originated.
Yes. There is no way to transcend to a reality beyond the limits (if the limits exist)of the human language, if that were the only means to convey meaning.
There is still hope. That 'our' 'construct' will always fall short - short of fundamental and short of existence. Or in the words of Godel: Be incomplete.
Mar 05, 2011
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Mar 06, 2011
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The 'inventor' of 'deconstruction' using an army of translators to translate his original works.
And the definition, as well as the meaning and personification of the word: charlatanry...is
Derrida.
And I don't even know his work. Tell me now.
If I am to die, never knowing him, tell me, I am not missing a thing. Do me the favor. Save me the time. So we can discourse over more important meanings.
Mar 06, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Mar 06, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
One should understand Goedel's incompleteness theorems before trying to exploit the fame. Otherwise, one may use the word "incomplete" but one must not refer to Goedel in that context.
Mar 06, 2011
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
Correct. Absolutely.
Mar 06, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Not necessary. The science of linguistics deals with more than one language.
Mar 06, 2011
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Mar 06, 2011
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What is the purpose of discussing the mathematical meaning of mathematical theorems? No metamathematical meaning of the words used for expressing the theorems in the different human languages has equivalency to the independency.
So the 'independency' means no translation is available for the mathematical meaning, at least in any other language we know?
You, yourself, have stated, other languages are merely an extension of one's vocabulary. I share that sentiment. Why regard the 'dealings' of a 'science' that regards one's vocabulary as many languages as scientific? As if every language had an underlying independence structure.
Mar 07, 2011
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Mar 07, 2011
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Mar 07, 2011
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In fact, I think the phenomena may be localized within a field. When you travel back in time through a wormhole, you only influence your local field that you come in contact with.
The reason we do not see folks from the future in OUR current time is, there is some kind of field inertia that prevents them from extending their influence to objects or characters outside some kind of Karmatic existence, within our individual temporal experiences. The Prime temporal flow, we normally exit in, cannot be touched.
Once you drop yourself into one of these new Quantum existences...it is virtually your OWN universe that you are expressing in, which cannot harm the PRIME you left.
Mar 07, 2011
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If CTC's exist, they can only perform because they are of low mass, and less interactive. The nearly infinitely larger mass of a human dictates a much larger wormhole than for individual particles.
As this larger mass is a slave to Quantum variables in every millisecond of its existence, it and the TIME it is brought back into are in constant flux. Therefore the record of history will be different each time the event is visited, but due to the Prime's temporal inertia, the Prime is not effected.
I also believe you can return to the prime at the instant you left, via a wormhole left in space - and carry back your experiences locally, perhaps even objects that have enriched you, but you cannot return to the exact same Quantum Reality you temporarily experienced.
It could be a great way to renew your tissues by borrowing from your past self, if YOU can be found.
Mar 07, 2011
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Yes, there can be mild inter-dimensional influences once communications are open, but all major influences must originate from the Prime...making conservation of original energy and animus reactions the results of actions in Prime...to add to its history.
If the object originated in Prime, it can return there, and has the option of pulling matter to Prime with it as it exits.
Prime Quantum Reality can initiate an origination temporal wormhole that can reach the Big Bang, given enough mass and energy. Such a wormhole is a white hole with nearly infinite energy available, much like the sought after zero point energy.
Just a musing note:
Extreme caution needs to be handled when opening temporally deep (Big Bang Event) wormholes beyond particle size (CTC), because if a null time event rips open wide enough, it could get extremely dangerous. Near the Big Bang event, the energy amount in our Sun could be squeezed into the size of an atom.
Mar 08, 2011
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Mar 09, 2011
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
I would advise against using boolean logic to resolve quantum conundrums. The existence of indeterminate quantum phenomena seem to invalidate boolean logic and therefore Godel's theory A Priori.
I don't think Godel was claiming that EVERY system it is possible to create will be incapable of proving everything. In fact we can recursively apply Godel's theory to say that Godels theory itself may be part of a system (boolean logic) that is incapable of proving everything. Godel's theory also allows that there may be some other theory existing where it is possible to prove everything, although obviously in this other theory Godel's Theorem would not be provable since it would be false.
Mar 09, 2011
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Mar 09, 2011
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Mar 09, 2011
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While I agree that Godel was way too careful to reach beyond the explicit implications of his incompleteness theories, I don't think that isn't because they are thusly limited. There was a discussion a couple of months ago regarding this on physics forums - physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=455641.
Ultimately the anti-Godel argument had a stronger position in the thread, but I am not persuaded.
btw, where did Boolean come from? I thought BL was complete and not a Godel qualifying axiomatic system. It is with the natural numbers that we encounter incompleteness and where I see opportunities to expand the theories to broader systems.
Mar 09, 2011
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Mar 09, 2011
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(How could they, doing renormalizations all the day?)
Mar 10, 2011
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Mar 10, 2011
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Typically when someone says "wow, that's so easy a child understands that" they point out that they have a gross misunderstanding of what science is and how it works.
Mar 11, 2011
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I've given this some thought and the only ones I'd trust are Doctors Without Borders. And they would have to keep their heads down so the powers that be wouldn't twig on their prescience.
Mar 24, 2011
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So the actual question in time travel is "what will stop you from killing your ancestors". Or what laws will keep the causality of events and are there any ways to break them. Because it's not free will that we should care about, it's causality. Free will is a fiction anyway.
Mar 29, 2011
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