Physicists Demonstrate How Information Can Escape From Black Holes
May 14th, 2008
An artist's depiction of the accretion of a thick ring of dust into a supermassive black hole. The accretion produces jets of gamma rays and X-rays. Credit: ESA / V. Beckmann (NASA-GSFC)
Physicists at Penn State have provided a mechanism by which information can be recovered from black holes, those regions of space where gravity is so strong that, according to Einstein's theory of general relativity, not even light can escape. The team's findings pave the way toward ending a decades-long debate sparked by renowned physicist Steven Hawking. The team's work will be published in the 20 May 2008 issue of the journal Physical Review Letters.
In the 1970s, Hawking showed that black holes evaporate by quantum processes; however, he asserted that information, such as the identity of matter that is gobbled up by black holes, is permanently lost. At the time, Hawking's assertion threatened to turn quantum mechanics--the most successful physical theory posited by humankind--on its head, since a fundamental tenet of the theory is that information cannot be lost.
Hawking's idea was generally accepted by physicists until the late 1990s, when many began to doubt the assertion. Even Hawking himself renounced the idea in 2004. Yet no one, until now, has been able to provide a plausible mechanism for how information might escape from a black hole.
A team of physicists led by Abhay Ashtekar, Holder of the Eberly Family Chair in Physics and director of the Penn State Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, now has discovered such a mechanism. Broadly, their findings expand space-time beyond its assumed size, thus providing room for information to reappear.
To explain the issue, Ashtekar used an analogy from Alice in Wonderland. "When the Cheshire cat disappears, his grin remains," he said. "We used to think it was the same way with black holes. Hawking's analysis suggested that at the end of a black hole's life, even after it has completely evaporated away, a singularity, or a final edge to space-time, is left behind, and this singularity serves as a sink for unrecoverable information."
But Ashtekar and his collaborators, Victor Taveras, a graduate student in the Penn State Department of Physics, and Madhavan Varadarajan, a professor at the Raman Research Institute in India, suggest that singularities do not exist in the real world. "Information only appears to be lost because we have been looking at a restricted part of the true quantum-mechanical space-time," said Ashtekar. "Once you consider quantum gravity, then space-time becomes much larger and there is room for information to reappear in the distant future on the other side of what was first thought to be the end of space-time."
According to Ashtekar, space-time is not a continuum as physicists once believed. Instead, it is made up of individual building blocks, just as a piece of fabric, though it appears to be continuous, is made up of individual threads. "Once we realized that the notion of space-time as a continuum is only an approximation of reality, it became clear to us that singularities are merely artifacts of our insistence that space-time should be described as a continuum."
To conduct their studies, the team used a two-dimensional model of black holes to investigate the quantum nature of real black holes, which exist in four dimensions. That's because two-dimensional systems are simpler to study mathematically. But because of the close similarities between two-dimensional black holes and spherical four-dimensional black holes, the team believes that this approach is a general mechanism that can be applied in four dimensions. The group now is pursuing methods for directly studying four-dimensional black holes.
Source: Penn State
Jul 02, 2009 |
not rated yet |
0
There is no accepted theory of quantum gravity.
> According to Ashtekar, space-time is not a continuum as physicists once believed.
Which experiment can confirm it?
Both quantum gravity and whether space-time is discreet or continuous are much bigger, older and more importent unsolved puzzles of physics.
In my opinion, however, I do not see how information can be perfectly preserved because information is also dependent upon context. If the information emitted by black holes is not emitted in a manner that preserves context, then conservation of information is still violated.
If we travell into some large black hole ( considering our particles woldn't dissolve in the dense vacuum around it like lumps of wet sand thrown into watter), we'll observe an interesting phenomena: the event horizon would surround us opening a new free space for us until our universe would remain behind our back, so it would appear like black hole, simmilar to those, into which we have passed right now. Our original universe would remain undistingushable from other black holes and we would reveal some new black holes inside the original black holes, so we could travel from one black holes to another seamlessly like during travelling through giant foam composed of nested bubbles.
In reality such travell would remain disallowed for us, because our particles would decompose and recover again during every pass through event horizon, like during passing through Big Bang event.
Try to imagine an infinitelly fractal foam composed of nested bubbles, where the smaller bubbles are expanding and these larger ones are shrinking, until they will switch their position. Now you can imagine, such scale switching occurs spontaneously on many levels of nested foam hiearchy and you'll get the complexity of enthropy transforms inside of our Universe.
We can observe such enthropy fluctuations during boiling or stellar matter development, because we can see, the large objects are evaporating to even smaller ones by radiation of energy/matter, while the small ones are aggregating and condensing into larger objects at the same time, so at the sufficiently global scale no apparent enthropy arrow prevails. It's a sort of slow boiling, during which the small bubbles are both evaporating both condensing into larger ones at the same moment.
By AWT our generation of Universe does exactly the same, just at the much larger level.
For example the water droplets are rather transparent for light waves, but they're behaving like tiny reflecting singularities with respect of sound wave spreading. By analogous way, the black holes are behaving like singularities with respect of light waves, but they're should remain quite transparent for gravitational waves, and so on.
So that only observational perspective can define, what can be considered a singularity or not.
Or maybe I am wrong?
Is it just me, or is this brutally obvious?
(assuming quantum gravity works)
That is actually an increase in information, as more data is required to model the state of the universe at each moment. Equivalent to thermodynamics.
But here's still apparent caveat, because the singularity solution of GR is steady state solution and as such it doesn't care, when this situation will occur. As we know, the BH is formed by collapse of dense matter and the speed of energy spreading is the more slow, the more dense such matter is. From this follows, the infinitely dense matter (i.e. the singularity) should form just in infinite time. Which is apparently unrealistic assumption, if we consider the finite age of Universe.
From this insight follows, only sufficiently small BH can form the singular solution, the heavier ones cannot form a singularity, if they were formed just after Universe formation. Note, that such conclusion is consistent with the AWT explanation of information paradox, linked above ( http://tinyurl.com/6rpud3 )
In my opinion, you are right and wrong. This research still has value. If they can work out a model where a discrete space-time and quantum gravity are required to explain macroscopic phenomenas (e.g.: black holes), they will be building a stronger case for those hypothesis.
By the same token, research into why faeries do not exist, is also an excellent waste of taxpayer dollars.