Stars stop forming when big galaxies collide

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M86-NGC4438 complex: A deep image of part of the Virgo cluster revealing tendrils of ionized hydrogen gas 400,000 light-years long that connect the elliptical galaxy M86 (right) and the disturbed spiral galaxy NGC 4438 (left). Taken with the wide-field Mosaic imager on the National Science Foundation's Mayall 4-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. Credit: Tomer Tal and Jeffrey Kenney/Yale University and NOAO/AURA/NSF

Astronomers studying new images of a nearby galaxy cluster have found evidence that high-speed collisions between large elliptical galaxies may prevent new stars from forming, according to a paper to be published in a November 2008 issue of The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Led by Jeffrey Kenney, professor and chair of astronomy at Yale, the team saw a spectacular complex of warm gas filaments 400,000 light-years-long connecting the elliptical galaxy M86 and the spiral galaxy NGC 4438 in the Virgo galaxy cluster, providing striking evidence for a previously unsuspected high-speed collision between the galaxies. The view was constructed using the wide-field Mosaic imager on the National Science Foundation telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona.

"Our data show that this system represents the nearest recent collision between a large elliptical galaxy and a large spiral galaxy," said Kenney, who is lead author of the paper. "This discovery provides some of the clearest evidence yet for high-speed collisions between large galaxies, and it suggests a plausible alternative to black holes as an explanation of what turns off star formation in the biggest galaxies."

Previously, scientists had seen the filaments of gas around both galaxies, but had not seen or inferred any connection between the two galaxies located approximately 50 million light-years from Earth. The new image shows extended and faint emissions that directly connect the two galaxies — and there are no obvious stars in the filaments.

As in most elliptical galaxies, gas within M86 is extremely hot, and radiates X-rays in a long plume, which had previously been interpreted as a tail of gas being stripped as M86 falls into the Virgo cluster. The new image suggests that most of the disturbances in M86 are instead due to the collision with NGC 4438.

"Like with a panoramic camera, the view from the telescope using the wide-field imager at Kitt Peak let us see the bigger picture," said Kenney. "We needed to look deep and wide to see the M86 complex."

A current mystery in astronomy is what causes the biggest galaxies in the universe —primarily elliptical galaxies like M86 — to stop forming stars. "Something needs to heat up the gas so it doesn't cool and form stars," Kenney says. "Our new study shows that gravitational interactions may do the trick."

According to the authors, low-velocity collisions between small- or medium-sized galaxies often produce an increase in the local star formation rate, but in high-velocity collisions that happen naturally between large galaxies, the energy of the collision can cause the gas to heat up so much that it cannot easily cool and form stars.

"The same physical processes occur in both strong and weak encounters, and by studying the observable effects in extreme cases like M86 we can learn about the role of gravity in the heating of galaxy gas, which appears to be quite significant," Kenney adds.

Source: Yale University

   

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4.7/5 after 13 votes

• NeilFarbstein - Oct 07, 2008
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  when galaxies collide, stars are aborted and dark matter results. Dark matter is aborted stars. Maybe the problem has been solved. protn7@att.net
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• yyz - Oct 08, 2008
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  The 'intergalactic junk' at the bottom right represents gas being tidally stripped from the galaxy NGC 4388 moving through the Virgo Cluster. The paper referencing this result (and M 86 -NGC 4438) can be found at arXiv:0810.0711 by JDP Kenney et al posted on October 3, 2008. By pure happenstance, I was reading a paper by JC Mihos et al published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters Vol. 631, L41-L43, September 20, 2005 entitled 'Diffuse Light in the Virgo Cluster'. Although this paper examined this same region in the Virgo Cluster, the survey looked at continuum light between these galaxies & thus missed the hydrogen alpha emission seen in this current study. Still, this short paper (try googling the Journal reference, its available thru ADS or NED) does show some remarkable, coincidental similarities of this region of the Virgo Cluster. The new paper referenced above addresses both the H-alpha filaments between M 86 & NGC 4438 and the 'green' H-alpha emission seen being stripped away from NGC 4388. Interested readers should check out both papers and compare the images presented in both. Definitely, the Virgo Cluster is an active, dynamic system with various types of intergalactic interactions ongoing simultaneously. The link to the NOAO press release has an 11Mb version of the new M 86-NGC 4438-NGC 4388 image! Awesome!
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