Tides Have Major Impact on Planet Habitability

October 13, 2008
Tides Have Major Impact on Planet Habitability

Enlarge

NASA images of Jupiter's moon, Io, (left) Earth (center) and Mars (right), respectively, illustrate worlds with too much, just enough and too little tidal heating to favor life. Internal heating can dramatically affect the suitability of a planet for life. Internal heating produced by tides in Io is so strong the moon undergoes powerful global-scale volcanism. Earth's moderate internal heating drives plate tectonics that create a surface suitable for life. The negligible tidal heating of Mars may be why the planet is so geophysically dormant at present, possibly making it too cold for life.

(PhysOrg.com) -- Astronomers searching for rocky planets that could support life in other solar systems should look outside, as well as within, the so-called "habitable zone," University of Arizona planetary scientists say.

Planets too close to their stars are roasted. Planets too far from their stars are frozen. In between, research models show, there's a habitable zone where planet temperatures approximate Earth's. Any rocky planets in this just-right Goldilocks zone could be awash in liquid water, a requisite for life as we know it, theorists say.

New research by Brian Jackson, Rory Barnes and Richard Greenberg of UA's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory shows that tides can play a major role in heating terrestrial planets, creating hellish conditions on rocky alien worlds that otherwise might be livable. And just the other way, tidal heat can also create conditions favorable to life on planets that would otherwise be unlivable.

Jackson presented the research Saturday at the 40th annual meeting of the Division of Planetary Sciences in Ithaca, N.Y. His talk is titled "Tidal Heating of Extrasolar Terrestrial-scale Planets and Constraints on Habitability." The research will be published soon in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Our own solar system is something of an anomaly, in that its planets move in relatively quiescent, circular orbits around the sun. Most extrasolar planets found to date have highly elongated orbits. During each orbit, the planet is stretched most by tides when it is near the star, and less when the planet is farther from its star. The resulting friction generates internal heat, which drives the planet's geophysical processes.

If the recently discovered "super-Earths" – extrasolar planets only 2-to-10 times as massive as Earth – are indeed terrestrial, tidal heating may be great enough to melt them, or at least produce volcanism on par with Jupiter's moon, Io, "dimming their prospects for habitability," Jackson said. So some of the recently discovered super-Earths may be more like "super-Ios," he said. The lo moon is the most volcanically active body in our solar system.

"Tidal heating scales with planet mass, so we expect that most easily detectable super-Earths will be dominated by volcanic activity," Jackson said. "That's one of our first conclusions from this work, that the first Earth-like planets found are probably going to be strongly heated and have big volcanoes. Even if Earth-like planets are found within the habitable zone, they may not be habitable because they will be overwhelmed by this tidal heating."

Tidal heating may also create habitable conditions on planets that otherwise are too small or too cold to support life, Jackson said. Tidal heating can enhance outgassing of volatiles that contribute or replenish a planet's atmosphere through volcanism. Tidal heating also can generate sub-surface liquid oceans on water-rich rocky planets that would otherwise be frozen, just as tidal heating is believed to warm a sub-surface liquid water ocean on Jupiter's moon Europa.

Also, tidal heating can drive plate tectonics, a mechanism that checks excessive carbon dioxide from accumulating in a planetary atmosphere, producing the kind of deadly greenhouse atmosphere found on Venus.

"Our study shows that tidal heating could produce enough heat to drive plate tectonics for billions of years, long enough for life to appear and flourish," Jackson said.

Provided by University of Arizona

4.5 /5 (31 votes)  

Filter


Move the slider to adjust rank threshold, so that you can hide some of the comments.


Display comments: newest first

Modernmystic
Oct 13, 2008

Rank: 2.9 / 5 (8)
Another nail in the coffin of the "we are nothing special" school of thought....
Velanarris
Oct 13, 2008

Rank: 4.9 / 5 (8)
It's funny, the old 80's game Wing Commander had a hostile alien race called the Kilrathi. Their planet was well outside of the habitable zone but due to intense graviational pull from the binary system it was in the tectonics of the planet that kept it incredibly warm, making it capable of sustaining life.

80's video games become today's science.
Modernmystic
Oct 13, 2008

Rank: 4.8 / 5 (4)
That was an awsome game...played it till my trigger finger and thumbs bled.
SmartK8
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 3.8 / 5 (6)
Modernmystic: Well technically speaking we still are nothing special. The only ones who decided that living sentient matter is more special than unanimate one (also true for the terms) are us. The humans that is. Anyway.. There're still so many solar systems that the probability should be covered for at least two such planets as Earth. At least..
diva4d
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 2 / 5 (6)
" There're still so many solar systems that the probability should be covered for at least two such planets as Earth. At least.."

Where do you get that from, SmartK8?
tigger
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
Lol @ the people who are constantly on the lookout for anything that can support their religiously weighted (i.e. not scientific or objective) perspective that we HAVE to be special.
Modernmystic
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 3 / 5 (3)
Lol @ the people who are constantly on the lookout for anything that can support their religiously weighted (i.e. not scientific or objective) perspective that we HAVE to be special.


What's REALLY funny is that you don't realize you're doing the exact same thing. In fact all the SCIENTIFIC data we've collected so far shows us that the vast majority of other solar systems are not like ours at all, and probably not friendly to the development of complex life.
Velanarris
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 4.4 / 5 (5)
Guys,

Not enough data to say anything in either direction.

We don't even have a full understanding of what life is or can be beyond our philosophical views.

Put this discussion in the "not enough data" pile and call it a day.
Modernmystic
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Guys,

Not enough data to say anything in either direction.

We don't even have a full understanding of what life is or can be beyond our philosophical views.

Put this discussion in the "not enough data" pile and call it a day.


Ok point taken and conceded, however I will say that the data we have collected so far is pointing in an "non-Copernican" fashion.
Velanarris
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: not rated yet
Guys,

Not enough data to say anything in either direction.

We don't even have a full understanding of what life is or can be beyond our philosophical views.

Put this discussion in the "not enough data" pile and call it a day.


Ok point taken and conceded, however I will say that the data we have collected so far is pointing in an "non-Copernican" fashion.


So far the data we have points to fire being alive based off the loose definitions of life.

It's breathes, reproduces and consumes. The whole faith v faith debate is tired. You're both smart guys, tip your caps and wait it out.
Modernmystic
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
The really funny part here is I'm a "convert". I used to think that there were at least several hundred thousand planets in the galaxy (everyone has their own estimates on the subject) with complex life and at least a few of those had intelligent life, and perhaps even technological civilizations.

After reading "Rare Earth" and seeing the data come in from our observations I became more and more beaten down by the data (with a dash of the Fermi paradox thrown in).

Hey, I don't want us to be alone. I'd like nothing better than an advanced civilization to swoop down (or us to "tune in") and have problems like war, poverty, etc solved overnight. Fact is I'm pretty pessimistic about it all now.

Who knows, maybe the terrestrial planet finder (why the heck that mission is having trouble getting funding when we're planning on sending an SUV to a planet we've ACTUALLY been to a dozen times before and not seen life I'll never know) will prove me wrong. If it does NO ONE will be more pleased than me.
Velanarris
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
The really funny part here is I'm a "convert". I used to think that there were at least several hundred thousand planets in the galaxy (everyone has their own estimates on the subject) with complex life and at least a few of those had intelligent life, and perhaps even technological civilizations.

After reading "Rare Earth" and seeing the data come in from our observations I became more and more beaten down by the data (with a dash of the Fermi paradox thrown in).

Hey, I don't want us to be alone. I'd like nothing better than an advanced civilization to swoop down (or us to "tune in") and have problems like war, poverty, etc solved overnight. Fact is I'm pretty pessimistic about it all now.

Who knows, maybe the terrestrial planet finder (why the heck that mission is having trouble getting funding when we're planning on sending an SUV to a planet we've ACTUALLY been to a dozen times before and not seen life I'll never know) will prove me wrong. If it does NO ONE will be more pleased than me.


you know, I think if we did tune into another society we'd find they're either facing the same problems we are or their solutions won't be able to fit our societies.

Physical evolution drove society and in turn society is driving physical evolution. It's an interesting dynamic.
D666
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
If it does NO ONE will be more pleased than me.


I'd arm-wrestle you for that.

The thing is, no matter how much we argue, we're still basing it all on a sample of one. And even the exoplanetary discoveries are only the closest and biggest ones, which are all we can detect, which is going to produce *some* kind of sample bias.

There are 4 different scenarios that I can think of: 1) we are alone or nearly so, 2) There are lots of ETs but they communicate by hyperwave relay, 3) There are lots of ETs and they use radio, and 4) There are some ETs out there, but given the size of the galaxy, they're probably not close.

All are possible. Only #3 disagrees with observations. Therefore we can't settle this by logical analysis. More facts needed.
Velanarris
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
If it does NO ONE will be more pleased than me.


I'd arm-wrestle you for that.

The thing is, no matter how much we argue, we're still basing it all on a sample of one. And even the exoplanetary discoveries are only the closest and biggest ones, which are all we can detect, which is going to produce *some* kind of sample bias.

There are 4 different scenarios that I can think of: 1) we are alone or nearly so, 2) There are lots of ETs but they communicate by hyperwave relay, 3) There are lots of ETs and they use radio, and 4) There are some ETs out there, but given the size of the galaxy, they're probably not close.

All are possible. Only #3 disagrees with observations. Therefore we can't settle this by logical analysis. More facts needed.


Well don't forget Sagan's caveat:

We could be 1 of millions risen at the wrong time, too late or too early and we'd appear to be alone.
D666
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: not rated yet
Well don't forget Sagan's caveat:

We could be 1 of millions risen at the wrong time, too late or too early and we'd appear to be alone.


Interesting take by Stephen Baxter in some of his books... His main character argues that humanity is about to bite it because either we're at the end of humanity's lifespan or we're not; if the former, we're in the largest group of currently living people; if the latter, then we're part of the very small fraction of the beginning of humanity's lifespan. Since we're more likely to be in the big group than in the littler group, humanity must be about to tank.

I have to keep reminding myself that this is fiction he's writing, so I can't hold this against him. But some of the pseudo-logical contortions that people go through when arguing one side or the other of this subject are just as awful.
Velanarris
Oct 14, 2008

Rank: not rated yet
Well don't forget Sagan's caveat:

We could be 1 of millions risen at the wrong time, too late or too early and we'd appear to be alone.


Interesting take by Stephen Baxter in some of his books... His main character argues that humanity is about to bite it because either we're at the end of humanity's lifespan or we're not; if the former, we're in the largest group of currently living people; if the latter, then we're part of the very small fraction of the beginning of humanity's lifespan. Since we're more likely to be in the big group than in the littler group, humanity must be about to tank.

I have to keep reminding myself that this is fiction he's writing, so I can't hold this against him. But some of the pseudo-logical contortions that people go through when arguing one side or the other of this subject are just as awful.


Agreed, Baxter has a very odd way of explaining his ideas.

I liked his novel, the name escapes me, where we encountered robotic sentience mining the Kuiper belt.
denijane
Oct 20, 2008

Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
So what, the physics of planets is more complicated than we thought. Big surprise! I don't understand the implications of that study besides "it's not so simple to say whether a planet is or isn't habitable". Because it works in both directions.
I just would like to point out that in our Solar system, there aren't many "rocks" showing off signs of active volcanism. So I think it's kind of premature to judge for other systems so quickly.
http://tothefutur...spot.com
Rank 4.5 /5 (31 votes)
Relevant PhysicsForums posts
  • Scale of the Universe
    created8 hours ago
  • Titan's lack of impact craters
    createdFeb 09, 2012
  • Real pictures of black hole eating a star?
    createdFeb 08, 2012
  • Hypothetical way to travel faster than light, but not technically exceed lightspeed
    createdFeb 06, 2012
  • How do scientists monitor the Sun's activity?
    createdFeb 05, 2012
  • Search patterns in observational studies
    createdFeb 05, 2012
  • More from Physics Forums - General Astronomy

More news stories

Humans may have helped the decline of African rainforests 3000 years ago

(PhysOrg.com) -- Large areas of rainforests in Central Africa mysteriously disappeared over three thousand years ago, to be replaced by savannas. The prevailing theory has been that the cause was a change ...

Space & Earth / Environment

created 19 hours ago | popularity 4.3 / 5 (11) | comments 12 | with audio podcast report

Could Venus be shifting gear?

(PhysOrg.com) -- ESA’s Venus Express spacecraft has discovered that our cloud-covered neighbour spins a little slower than previously measured. Peering through the dense atmosphere in the infrared, the ...

Space & Earth / Space Exploration

created 15 hours ago | popularity 5 / 5 (7) | comments 7 | with audio podcast

NASA budget will axe Mars deal with Europe: scientists

US President Barack Obama's budget proposal to be submitted next week for 2013 will cut NASA's budget by 20 percent and eliminate a major partnership with Europe on Mars exploration, scientists said Thursday.

Space & Earth / Space Exploration

created 18 hours ago | popularity 5 / 5 (2) | comments 18

Mars Science Laboratory computer issue resolved

(PhysOrg.com) -- Engineers have found the root cause of a computer reset that occurred two months ago on NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and have determined how to correct it.

Space & Earth / Space Exploration

created 16 hours ago | popularity 4.7 / 5 (6) | comments 3 | with audio podcast

Two new moons for Jupiter

Advances in technology have lead to the discovery of new planets outside of our Solar System, and now even new moons in our own backyard.

Space & Earth / Space Exploration

created 15 hours ago | popularity 4 / 5 (1) | comments 7


Google users warned of threat to smartphone wallets

Users of Google smartphone wallets were being warned on Friday that there is a way to crack pass codes intended to thwart thieves from going on illicit shopping sprees.

Anonymous knocks CIA website offline (Update)

The website of the Central Intelligence Agency was inaccessible on Friday after the hacker group Anonymous claimed to have knocked it offline.

New error-correcting codes guarantee the fastest possible rate of data transmission

Error-correcting codes are one of the triumphs of the digital age. They’re a way of encoding information so that it can be transmitted across a communication channel — such as an optical fiber o ...

New power source discovered

(PhysOrg.com) -- Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and RMIT University have made a breakthrough in energy storage and power generation.

Complex wiring of the nervous system may rely on a just a handful of genes and proteins

Researchers at the Salk Institute have discovered a startling feature of early brain development that helps to explain how complex neuron wiring patterns are programmed using just a handful of critical genes. ...

The power of estrogen -- male snakes attract other males

A new study has shown that boosting the estrogen levels of male garter snakes causes them to secrete the same pheromones that females use to attract suitors, and turned the males into just about the sexiest ...