Passage graves from an astronomical perspective

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Shown here is the passage grave "Nordenhoj" at Kaerby near Kalundborg in Denmark. Credit: The National Museum of Denmark

Passage graves are mysterious barrows from the Stone Age. New research from the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen indicates that the Stone Age graves' orientation in the landscape could have an astronomical explanation. The Danish passage graves are most likely oriented according to the path of the full moon, perhaps even according to the full moon immediately before a lunar eclipse. The results are published in the scientific journal Acta Archaeologica.

Claus Clausen, who graduated as astronomer from the Niels Bohr Institute, has also always been interested in archeology. There are many Stone Age graves in Denmark, where archaeologists estimate that around 40.000 large stone graves were built from around 3500 to 3000 BC. Only about 500 of the large passage graves, called giant tombs (in Danish Jaettestuer) are preserved today, but one of the great mysteries is their orientation in the landscape.

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This is the layout of a typical passage grave, here the passage grave "Nissehoj" in North Zealand. The outlines of the horizontal and level stones are shown. Credit: The National Museum of Denmark

With the help of GPS, a compass and a surveying instrument Claus Clausen measured the orientation of entrance tunnels of approximately 100 passage graves. It turned out that there was a remarkable concentration of certain orientations. Claus Clausen had a theory that it could be a calendar system, but the theory did not hold up. Astronomer and supervisor of the special project, Per Kjærgaard Rasmussen suggested that he look at the connection between the sun and the moon and especially lunar eclipses, because there were two orientations that occurred frequently and that could suggest something with specific full moons.

Ancient Almanac

Astronomer Ole Einicke, who for many years has calculated data for the Danish Almanac, had made a computer program that could calculate the position of the planets for the next year. The program was now used to calculate back in time. Directions to the rise of the Sun are easy to calculate. The orientation of the rise of full moon and the timing of lunar eclipses are more difficult to calculate due to the sun's disturping influence on the moon's orbit around the earth, that results in the orbit of the moon rotates in a period of 18.6 years. But the biggest complication is that the earth's rotation has changed through time so that it now rotates slower than before so it required special calculations and corrections to calculate more than 5.500 years into the past and see whether the lunar eclipses could be seen from Denmark.

Patterns in the sun and moon

There is a significant concentration of orientations towards east/southeast as seen from within the passage grave. It can be interpreted that the passage graves are oriented according to the winter sunrise. But researchers think it more likely that they are positioned according to the rise of the full moon, for example, the first full moon after the spring equinox.

The calculations show, that in the period from 3.300 to 3.100 BC there was an over frequency of 50 percent in the number of lunar eclipses that could be seen in Denmark. And the exciting thing was that the pattern indicated that it could fit with the rise of the full moon immediately before a lunar eclipse.

How the Stone Age people had known that a lunar eclipse would come after a full moon is unknown, but astronomer Per Kjærgaard Rasmussen explains, that if one had observed a lunar eclipse there is a very strong likelihood that another lunar eclipse would come either 12 months or 18.6 years later.

The passage graves had been used for burials and the orientation of the entrance is concentrated towards the full moon points to a ritual practice that involved the moon.

Source: University of Copenhagen

   

• tealeebee - Dec 19, 2008
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  What this article calls "passage graves" were in use in rural southern Scandinavia as late as preliminary pre-christian times (about 500 AD). Little indicates these were places of internment for the dead. To the contrary, early neolithic "graves" have been found that were simple open pits with stone walls, much like can be found today in India, where the dead were cast. Burials in hollowed tree trunks in Celtic style was common, especially in Denmark and Skåne, but otherwise, with an abundance of forests, cremation was most common. Urns have been found buried on the dirt sides outside these "grave mounds," as they are called in the local languages, along with burial offerings. On the other hand, none such urns are found within the chambers themselves. Because the "creep and crawl" passageways are curved down and up again, making them defendable, and other factors indicate these were places of worhip as well as refuge from both foes and also from weather...which may have been worse in 3000 BC and accompanied lunar phases. Note that interior floors of these are usually sand or mixed dirt, so drainage was figured into the original construction. Some evidence shows that spaces between the enormous stones was occassionally filled with mortar and only small, well planned openings allowed air to enter (to avoid attacks by arrows, fire or hot liquids). As far as worship is concerned, note the proliferous wall inscriptions and layout of the more complicated mounds in the Orkney islands, etc. Such major sites would have been destroyed by Christians, who believed the mounds were simply graves rather than miniature versions of the larger religious monuments. Much astronomy indeed would have gone into the building of these. On the other hand, they were covered with dirt and middle age peasants believed that treasures were hidden inside, so many stones were scattered to enter and retreive copper, brass, silver or gold that might have been left. Even in recent ages, mounds have been destroyed by farmers who wanted easier ploughing or more land. Most vanished, but those that were rebuilt lack any scientific value. Since "barrows" (low lying single graves, usually with stones at the head) paralleled the mounds themselves and have been much ignored, it might be more relevant to study their positioning to derive human adaptation relating to astronomical conditions in those different times.
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