New, Unusual Semiconductor is a Switch-Hitter

January 30, 2009 By Laura Mgrdichian

(PhysOrg.com) -- A research group in Germany has discovered a semiconducting material that can switch its semiconducting properties -- turning from one type of semiconductor to another -- via a simple change in temperature. This intriguing behavior may make the material useful in efforts to create better performing integrated circuits, which form the backbone of almost all electronic devices.

Semiconductors are essential to integrated circuits, and any significant advances in semiconductor materials could mean big changes for the future of electronic technologies. For example, this new finding may further developments in data-storage technology. At a more fundamental level, the material could change how semiconductor chips are designed.

"This new material may be able to help simplify chip production in the future," the study's corresponding researcher, chemist Tom Nilges of the University of Muenster, in Germany, said to PhysOrg.com. "Instead of using two materials to build transistors for integrated circuits, there is now a reasonable chance that this job could be performed by a single material."

The material is a compound containing silver, tellurium, and bromine, abbreviated Ag₁₀Te₄Br₃. At three distinct temperatures—290 degrees Kelvin (K), 317 K, and 390 K (62, 111, and 242 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively)—the material changes from a p-type semiconductor (excess positively charged "holes," or electron absences) to an n-type (excess negative carriers), and back to a p-type. These changes are reversible.

Silver-based semiconducting compounds tend to have many interesting electrical properties, mainly because they can conduct both electrons and silver ions exceptionally well. This makes them useful in a variety of electronics applications. For example, they are being eyed as good candidates for a certain type of memory device.

Another possible application for these materials is in the relatively cheap production of electricity without the simultaneous emission of planet-warming greenhouse gases. Ag₁₀Te₄Br₃ may be particularly suited to this, as it has interesting thermal properties. For example, over the temperature range 355 K - 410 K, the material displays a strong and broad endothermic response, meaning it absorbs a large amount of heat from its surroundings.

In addition, it does not rapidly adjust its temperature in relation to its surroundings -- it has a very low "thermal diffusivity" -- and displays a huge thermopower drop, meaning the voltage across the material changes rapidly in response to changing temperature. Such a large thermopower change has not before been observed.

The ability of Ag₁₀Te₄Br₃ to switch from p-type to n-type and back again is the result of several complex structural changes it undergoes in response to the changing temperature. In combination, these changes allow the material's electrical properties to morph so dramatically. Some of the tellurium ions form mobile chains; the silver ions coordinate to those chains. There is also a shift in the concentration of charge carriers—electrons and holes—which is connected with the chain-forming tendency of tellurium.

Future research into Ag₁₀Te₄Br₃ may focus on its potential to allow fine-tuning of its physical properties, beyond the changes caused by temperature alone.

Citation: Nilges et al. Nature Materials 8, 101-108 (2009); advance online publication, (doi:10.1038/nmat2358)

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• holoman - Jan 30, 2009
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  Looks to be a new chalcogenide or multiferroic formulation.
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• El_Nexus - Jan 30, 2009
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  It's a pity two of those critical temperatures are close to room temperature (17 and 44 degrees celsius), which would make any electronics made with this stuff highly sensitive to weather conditions.
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• h0dges - Jan 31, 2009
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  It's a pity two of those critical temperatures are close to room temperature (17 and 44 degrees celsius), which would make any electronics made with this stuff highly sensitive to weather conditions.

  
  I'm sure they'll be able to tweak the temps with shifter dopants.
  
  @holoman: how is Ag10Te4Br3 either chalcogenic or multi-ferroic? It doesn't contain any chalcogens or iron.
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• nanomvp - Jan 31, 2009
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  "Silver-based semiconducting compounds tend to have many interesting electrical properties, mainly because they can conduct both electrons and silver ions exceptionally well."
  
  Silver diffusion seems difficult to integrate into conventional semiconductor devices.
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• gongii - Feb 01, 2009
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  This is a silver-doped chalcogenide (chalcogen is Te). Chalcogenides have unstable microstructure, so will distort easily below 500 C.
  
  The doping change is nice, but can you really make a p-n junction from this material? It probably contains too many structural defects that cause excess leakage.
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• semicon - Feb 02, 2009
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  Hello all together,
  the material changes pnp only at 390 K and
  the transition can be changed to room temperature by chemical tuning. Also this feature is reversible.
  
  
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• Alizee - Feb 03, 2009
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  If some structural change occurs during this, then the reversibility (reproducibility) of that transition will be limited.
  
  Isn't the material an ionic conductor, instead of electronic one?
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• semicon - Feb 04, 2009
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  It is a mixed conductor. The electronic cond. exeeds the ionic one by one order of magnitude.
  The high silver mobility makes the phase transitions reversible. All structures were determined from one single crystal. That means no volume jump.
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