Astronomy's bright future
March 2, 2009To mark UNESCO's International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009), six leading astronomers from the UK, the US, Europe and Asia write in March's Physics World about the biggest challenges and opportunities facing international astronomers over the next couple of decades.
Many of those challenges are purely scientific, including the quest to clarify the true nature of dark matter and dark energy; the search for extra-terrestrial life among the myriad of extrasolar planets that are set to be discovered; and finding the first stars that formed after the Big Bang.
Other challenges are political - including the need for mass international collaboration to fund and manage astronomical facilities, many of which are being so large and expensive that no single country can afford them alone. For example, the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, which is being built in Chile, involves astronomers from the UK, US and Japan.
The contributors are Catherine Cesarsky, President of the International Astronomical Union, Martin Rees, the UK's Astronomer Royal, Tim de Zeeuw, Director General of the European Southern Observatory, John Huchra, President of the American Astronomical Society, Andrew Fabian, President of the Royal Astronomical Society, and Seok Jae Park, President of the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute.
All contributors express optimism about the future of global astronomy, reflecting on the advances that new facilities promise: from the Planck Satellite making detailed observation of fossil radiation, due to take off next month; NASA's planned joint dark energy mission; 2013's launch of the James Webb Space Telescope to help answer questions about the Universe's very first stars; and the European Southern Observatory's European Extremely Large Telescope, which, if built, could be the "world's biggest eye on the sky".
As Tim de Zeeuw, Director of the European Southern Observatory, writes, "Technological developments now make it possible to observe planets orbiting other stars, peer deeper than ever into the universe, use particles and gravitational waves to study celestial sources, and to carry out in situ exploration of objects in our solar system. This promises tremendous progress towards answering key astronomical questions."
But, as Seok Jae Park, President of the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, says, "The greatest challenge for astronomy is international collaboration, because building big and expensive telescopes can no longer be accomplished by a single country alone. It is my hope that IYA2009 will enable astronomers from around the world to create a new tradition of cooperation in astronomy."
Catherine Cesarsky, President of the International Astronomical Union, underlines her wish during IYA2009 to communicate the joys and benefits of astronomy. "It is [the] sense of discovery and awe that astronomers wish to share with our fellow citizens all over the world. We thus hope to stimulate a long-term increase in student enrolment in science and technology, and an appreciation for lifelong learning."
Source: Institute of Physics
Aug 10, 2009 |
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http://en.wikiped...Big_Bang
From the energy-force inside the universe at the moments a fraction of a second after the Big Bang, .68 picoseconds after the Big Bang to quote the above page reference, the first things to appear inside the universe were the quarks and anti-quarks. Quarks and anti-quarks go on to become the primary constituents of every other form of matter inside the universe.
That initial force-energy of the Big Bang transformed into the quarks and anti-quarks, .... the quarks and anti-quarks which were the very first things of substance to appear inside the expanding universe. Without mixing with anything else and without some other agency to bond with or associate with, the raw, naked force-energy inside the early expanding universe transforms into mass?
Two and only two things exist inside the early universe. One, the raw, naked force-energy inside the second thing, the expanding volume of three dimensional space, and with nothing else inside the early expanding universe, with only two things brought to the table for consideration, what is the best, educated thought for how energy transformed itself by cloaking itself into particles of mass .68 picoseconds after the Big Bang?
Energy/force possesses only an attracting/repelling characteristic found within all the constituent forms of energy=mass found inside the universe. Any form of Energy has no intrinsic system or property to cause a transformation of itself.
Energy, whether from an electrical outlet or a stored inside a capacitor, cannot transform itself all by itself without engaging another system or agency to enable transformation.
I propose some "thing" is directing the energy inside the universe, and whatever It is this "thing" is utilizing the distributive, associative, commutative, and other laws of mathematics to direct the energy, and to construct the universe into its present form.
Constructive comments welcomed.