New study yields clue to how stem cells form
April 16, 2009
This is a KDM1 enzyme in a dissected worm gonad. Credit: David Katz
An Emory University study shows some of the first direct evidence of a process required for epigenetic reprogramming between generations - a finding that could shed more light on the mechanisms of fertilization, stem-cell formation and cloning. The journal Cell published the results of the study on the nematode C. elegans in its April 17 issue.
"We believe that we have demonstrated one of the processes that erases the information in a fertilized egg, so that the offspring can begin life with a clean slate," says David Katz, lead author of the study. Katz is a post-doctoral fellow in the lab of William Kelly, associate professor of biology at Emory and a co-author of the study.
"One of the most fundamental mysteries in biology is how a sperm and egg create a new organism. By looking at the process at the molecular level, we're gaining understanding of this basic question of life," Katz says.
When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, the specialized programming of each parent cell must be erased, in order to form a zygote that can give rise to a new organism. The process by which these two differentiated cells return to a developmental ground state in the zygote - the ultimate stem cell - is little understood.
'An amazing phenotype'
The Emory researchers wanted to test the theory that removal of a particular histone protein modification involved in the packaging of DNA - dimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 4 - is involved in reprogramming the germ line.
They compared successive generations of a normal strain of C. elegans - a microscopic worm commonly used for studying cell differentiation - with a mutant strain. The mutants lacked an enzyme that test-tube experiments have previously shown appears to play an "erasing" role - demethylating histones to remove information from the packaging of DNA.
In the normal strain of the worms, the histone modification the Emory researchers had targeted was not passed on to the next generation, but in the mutant strain the modification continued through 30 generations, and each generation became progressively less fertile.
"That's an amazing phenotype," Katz says. "The organism gradually lost its ability to reproduce. We have shown that when this enzyme is missing, the worms can inherit the histone modification - not only from cell to cell, but from generation to generation."
When the researchers re-inserted the missing enzyme into the sterile generations of mutant worms, they were able to reverse the process: the worms no longer inherited the histone modification, and they regained fertility.
Showing inheritance of epigenetic event
For years, it's been accepted that histone proteins help coil six-foot strands of DNA into tight balls, compact enough to fit inside the nucleus of a cell. Histone modifications have also been known to correlate with gene expression. More recently, researchers have theorized that a chemical change in the histone packaging of DNA, known as an epigenetic event, can be passed on - just as genes themselves can be inherited.
"This study is one of the first demonstrations in a living organism that this theory may be true - that every generation can be affected by an epigenetic event," Kelly says.
"Our work provides some of the best, direct evidence that chemical modifications in the packaging of DNA can be inherited from cell to cell," Katz added. "That indicates that these chemical modifications are not just involved in packaging - they contain information."
Groundwork for stem-cell therapies
A better understanding of the role of histones, and the enzymes involved in their modification, could lead to therapies for everything from cancer to infertility. "Stem-cell therapies are an incredibly promising technology for treating any problem that has to do with defective cells," Katz says. "We're hoping that our work will help this technology to develop."
Additional authors on the Emory study were Matthew Edwards, a research specialist at Emory, and Valerie Reinke of Yale University School of Medicine.
Katz and his colleagues are now building on the results of the study, to see if a lack of the erasing enzyme shows a similar effect in mice.
Source: Emory University (news : web)
Apr 27, 2008 |
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A. "New study yields clue to how stem cells form"
http://www.physor...629.html
B. From "What Makes a Stem Cell a Stem Cell?"
http://www.genome...ls.shtml
- A stem cell, by definition, can renew itself and can generate myriad types of specialized cells. But the specific genes that confer these properties remain unknown.
- the Harvard researchers propose several essential attributes that they believe underlie the stem cell's ability to reproduce itself and to generate different types of specialized cells. Key among these is the ability to resist stress from the environment by activating enzymes that repair DNA and detoxify cells. Stem cells also express genes important in regulating the cell cycle and in helping cells to communicate
- It may be some time, however, before researchers fully understand what constitutes "stemness". According to some researchers, genomic analyses may be yielding too much information.
C. So, again, Who-What Is The Stemness In Stem Cells?
The stemness is a capability-property of the stem-genome. There are no "genes that confer stemness properties" on the innate-virgin stem genome, on the not-yet ever task-committed genome.
And both the genome and its communal genes membership are organisms. Plain and simple and obviously commonsensical.
And in order to confirm stemability on a genome that has already been task-committed it is necesary to unccommit it.
Dov Henis Sep. 2, 2008
http://www.scienc...our_face
Dov Henis Oct. 2, 2008
http://www.scienc...m_cells_
Yes. Genes Are Organisms.
DNA (and RNA) genes are organisms. RNA toolings of DNA genes were pre-DNA archaic genes, now serving as tools-organisms. And some proteins are cues for past-programmed genes' expressions.
It is necessary to overcome a reflective resistance to conceive certain polymers as living, organisms. However, the plain simple fact of life is that genes are organisms, the primal organisms of Earth, the LIFE of Earth. All other organisms, regardless of complexity and including us, evolve and live temporarily to promote and maintain the genes, to promote and maintain the temporary store of constrained energy at Earth's biosphere.
D. And Earth's biosphere came into being and exists within the Evolution of Cosmic Energy And Mass
As mass is just another face of energy it is commonsensible to regard not only life, but mass in general, as a format of temporarily constrained energy.
It therefore ensues that whereas the expanding cosmic constructs, the galaxies clusters, are - overall - continuously converting "their share" of original pre-inflation mass back to energy, the overall evolution within them, within the clusters, is in the opposite direction, temporarily constrained energy packages are precariuosly forming and "doing best" to survive as long as "possible"...
Dov Henis
(Comments From The 22nd Century)
Life's Manifest
http://www.the-sc...page#578
EVOLUTION Beyond Darwin 200
http://www.physfo...ic=14988&st=405&#entry396201
http://www.the-sc...age#1407