Plastic that grows on trees, part two
May 19, 2009Some researchers hope to turn plants into a renewable, nonpolluting replacement for crude oil. To achieve this, scientists have to learn how to convert plant biomass into a building block for plastics and fuels cheaply and efficiently. In new research, chemists have successfully converted cellulose -- the most common plant carbohydrate -- directly into the building block called HMF in one step.
The result builds upon earlier work by researchers at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. In that work http://www.physorg.com/news101050050.html , scientists produced HMF from simple sugars derived from cellulose. In this new work, researchers developed a way to bypass the sugar-forming step and go straight from cellulose to HMF. This simple process generates a high yield of HMF and allows the use of raw cellulose as feed material, the researchers report in an upcoming issue of Applied Catalysis A.
"In biomass like wood, corn stover and switchgrass, cellulose is the most abundant polymer that researchers are trying to convert to biofuels and plastics," said chemist Z. Conrad Zhang, who led the work while at PNNL's Institute for Interfacial Catalysis.
HMF, also known as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, can be used as a building block for plastics and "biofuels" such as gasoline and diesel, essentially the same fuels processed from crude oil. In previous work, PNNL researchers used a chemical and a solvent known as an ionic liquid to convert the simple sugars into HMF.
The chemical, a metal chloride known as chromium chloride, converted sugar into highly pure HMF. But to be able to feed cellulosic biomass directly from nature, the team still needed to break down cellulose into simple sugars -- Zhang and colleagues wanted to learn how to skip that step.
The ionic liquid has the added benefit of being able to dissolve cellulose, which as anyone who's boiled leafy vegetables knows can be stringy and hard to dissolve. Compounds called catalysts speed up the conversion of cellulose to HMF. After trying different metal chloride catalysts in the ionic solvent, they found a pair of catalysts that worked well: A combination of copper chloride and chromium chloride under 120 degrees Celsius broke down the cellulose without creating a lot of unwanted byproducts.
In additional experiments, the team tested how well their method compared to acid, a common way to break down cellulose. The metal chlorides-ionic liquid system worked ten times faster than the acid and at much lower temperatures. In addition, the paired metal chloride catalysts allowed Zhang's research team to avoid using another compound under investigation, a mineral acid, that is known to degrade HMF.
Optimizing their method, the team found that they could consistently achieve a high yield of HMF -- the method converted about 57 percent of the sugar content in the cellulose feedstock to HMF through this single step process. The team recovered more than 90% of the HMF formed, and the final product from the process was 96% pure.
In addition, the metal chlorides and ionic liquid could be reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. Being able to recycle the materials will lower the cost of HMF production.
"This paper is a tremendous breakthrough. By combining the cellulose-breakdown and sugar-conversion steps, we are very close to a single-step method of converting raw biomass into a new platform chemical -- a chemical you can readily turn into a transportation fuel or for synthesis of plastics and other useful materials," said PNNL geochemist and study coauthor Jim Amonette. "Advances like this can help reduce our dependence on fossil fuels."
More information: Y. Su, H.M. Brown, X. Huang, X.-d. Zhou, J.E. Amonette, Z.C. Zhang, Single-Step Conversion of Cellulose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a Versatile Platform Chemical, Applied Catalysis A, General, doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2009.04.002
Source: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (news : web)
Jun 14, 2007 |
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E.coli does not photosynthesize. It is not a way you can make energy, it is a use of energy.
E. coli may not come factory-equipped with photosynthesis, but see, for example,
http://www.lyon.e...isH1.pdf
or
http://parts.mit..../Project
Also, note that photosynthesis doesn't "make" energy either, but it converts otherwise locally incident and transitory energy from sunlight to a portable, long-lasting, chemical form.
I also agree with nkalanaga that as much residual value as possible needs to be recovered from biomass waste, but I bet photosynthetic bacteria will be needed, too, to supplement the available supply of cheaply convertible waste.
For that matter, using cellulose, one could recycle old newspapers!
For biomass they need to be close together so stalk grow straight and 20' tall vs medicine where you need wider spacing for buds.
I see one day when many yards have a hemp planting for it's own energy needs along with a wind gen and a solar thermal engine that can be run on hemp when the sun doesn't shine.
This would cost under $10k in mass production and be enough for home heat, colling other energy needs and charge an electric car with enough left over to sell. All of this is doable with 30 yr old tech.
We can always use the F-T process which because biomass is so clean need less energy than it does with coal and use the waste heat to make electricity to do the same thing.