Transparent solar cells

June 2, 2009
Transparent solar cells

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Irregularity in an ordered crystal structure. © Fraunhofer IWM

(PhysOrg.com) -- If solar cells were transparent they could be fitted to windows and building facades. Physical modeling helps in the development of suitable materials for transparent electronics and thus in creating the basis for transparent solar cells.

Offering a view of the garden and an adjacent field, it looks like any other window. But this window offers an additional feature: it also produces electricity. The facades of the house, too, harness to supply the occupants with . This is what the domestic power supply of the future could look like. The surface area used to produce energy would increase greatly with transparent solar cells.

To translate the vision of see-through and transparent electronics into reality, two different transparent coatings would be required - one to conduct the electricity via electrons, the n-conductors, and one in which electron holes enable the electricity to flow, the p-conductors. To produce these coatings the engineers dope the base material with a few other atoms. Depending on which atoms they use, they obtain the differently conducting coatings. N-conducting transparent materials are state of the art, but the p-conductors are problematic. Their conductivity is too low and often their transparency is poor. Manufacturers need a transparent base material which is amenable to both n- and p-doping.

At present, is mainly used for the n-conductors, but this is costly. Indium has become a rare commodity and its price has increased tenfold since 2002. The search for substitute materials is therefore in full swing. At the same time, various questions need to be answered, such as which materials would be best suitable, what they should be doped with to obtain good conductivity, and how good their transparency is. Research scientists at the Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM working in cooperation with other Fraunhofer colleagues have developed material physics models and methods which help in the search.

“If transparent p-conductors with adequate could be produced, it would be possible to realize completely ,” says Dr. Wolfgang Körner, research scientist at the IWM. Using electron microscope images, the researchers initially determine the grain boundaries which most frequently occur in the material - i.e. irregularities in the ordered crystal structure. These defect structures are modeled atom by atom. Special simulation methods calculate how the electrons are distributed in the structures and thus in the solid body. From the data the researchers extract how conductive and transparent the material is. “We have found, for example, that phosphorus is suitable for p-doping zinc oxide, but that nitrogen is more promising,” says Körner.

Provided by Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (news : web)

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N_O_M
Jun 02, 2009

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Since the most efficient use of these windows is on the sunny side of a building, some reflection and/or absorption from the glass wouldn't be too much of a problem.
Sonhouse
Jun 02, 2009

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There has to be some blockage of light, otherwise there would be no conversion of photons to electrons. If it was 100% transparent, there would be no electrons so how much light gets through after conversion? 90%? 80%? Seems like in the summer it could serve two purposes, reducing the heat flow into the building and generating electricity at the same time.
barkster
Jun 02, 2009

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If there was some way to combine/layer this with some of the variable glass transparency technologies?
Szkeptik
Jun 03, 2009

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This is eighter not very effective or not very transparent.
Kahlim
Jun 03, 2009

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I'm thinking that they mean it's transparent to the visible wavelengths of light and would use photons from the UV/IR part of the spectrum to create electricity (which would work out well since skyscraper windows are already designed/coated to reflect them).
antialias
Jul 24, 2009

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There has to be some blockage of light, otherwise there would be no conversion of photons to electrons.


Not entirely true. If the solar cell only converts infrared or ultraviolet photons to energy then the apparent transparency of the material is not affected. Of course this would mean low efficiency, but with cheap production and large window areas it might still be worth it (especially if you think of large office towers)

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