More than meets the eye: New blue light nanocrystals
July 21, 2009
This is a high resolution electron micrograph image of magnesium oxide nanocrystals; the inset shows a single nanocrystal. Credit: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Berkeley Lab researchers have produced non-toxic magnesium oxide nanocrystals that efficiently emit blue light and could also play a role in long-term storage of carbon dioxide, a potential means of tempering the effects of global warming.
In its bulk form, magnesium oxide is a cheap, white mineral used in applications ranging from insulating cables and crucibles to preventing sweaty-palmed rock climbers from losing their grip. Using an organometallic chemical synthesis route, scientists at the Molecular Foundry have created nanocrystals of magnesium oxide whose size can be adjusted within just a few nanometers. And unlike their bulk counterpart, the nanocrystals glow blue when exposed to ultraviolet light.
Current routes for generating these alkaline earth metal oxide nanocrystals require processing at high temperatures, which causes uncontrolled growth or fusing of particles to one another-not a desirable outcome when the properties you seek are size-dependent. On the other hand, vapor phase techniques, which provide size precision, are time and cost intensive, and leave the nanocrystals attached to a substrate.
"We've discovered a fundamentally new, unconventional mechanism for nicely controlling the size of these nanocrystals, and realized we had an intriguing and surprising candidate for optical applications," said Delia Milliron, Facility Director of the Inorganic Nanostructures Facility at Berkeley Lab's nanoscience research center, the Molecular Foundry. "This efficient, bright blue luminescence could be an inexpensive, attractive alternative in applications such as bio-imaging or solid-state lighting."
Unlike conventional incandescent or fluorescent bulbs, solid-state lighting makes use of light-emitting semiconductor materials-in general, red, green and blue emitting materials are combined to create white light. However, efficient blue light emitters are difficult to produce, suggesting these magnesium oxide nanocrystals could be a bright candidate for lighting that consumes less energy and has a longer lifespan.
These minute materials do more than glow, however. Along with their promising optical behavior, these magnesium oxide nanocrystals will be a subject of study in an entirely different field of research: Berkeley Labs' Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) for Nanoscale Control of Geologic CO2, designed to "establish the scientific foundations for the geological storage of carbon dioxide."
Experts say carbon dioxide capture and storage will be vital to achieving significant cuts in greenhouse gas emissions, but the success of this technology hinges on sealing geochemical reservoirs deep below the earth's surface without allowing gases or fluids to escape. If properly stored, the captured carbon dioxide pumped underground forms carbonate minerals with the surrounding rock by reacting with nanoparticles of magnesium oxide and other mineral oxides.
"These nanocrystals will serve as a test system for modeling the kinetics of dissolution and mineralization in a simulated fluid-rock reservoir, allowing us to probe a key pathway in carbon dioxide sequestration," said Jeff Urban, a staff scientist in the Inorganic Nanostructures Facility at the Molecular Foundry who is also a member of the EFRC research team. "The geological minerals that fix magnesium into a stable carbonate are compositionally complex, but our nanocrystals will provide a simple model to mimic this intricate process."
Hoi Ri Moon, a post-doctoral researcher at the Foundry working with Milliron and Urban, noted her team's direct synthesis method could also be helpful for already-established purposes. "As a user facility that provides support to nanoscience researchers around the world, we would like to pursue studies with other scientists who could use our nanocrystals as 'feedstock' for catalysis, another application for which magnesium oxide thin films are commonly used," said Moon.
More information: "Size-controlled synthesis and optical properties of monodisperse colloidal magnesium oxide nanocrystals," by Hoi Ri Moon, Jeffrey J. Urban and Delia J. Milliron, appears in Angewandte Chemie International Edition .
Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (news : web)
Jun 16, 2009 |
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Using magnesia as a route to sequester carbon dioxide has been suggested before - so far it has been uneconomical at least in most countries. Just do the math - how much CO2 does a 1 MW fossil fueled power station generate in a year and how much Brucite (naturally occurring magnesium hydroxide) is in Gabbs Nevada? Commercial brucite deposits are not common.
There is not going to be any gain calcining magnesite to MgO and then use it to sequester CO2 as carbonate...and if you precipitate MgO from the chloride you need lime, lots of it and calcining the limestone releases -- guess what -- CO2.
"modeling the kinetics of dissolution and mineralization in a simulated fluid-rock reservoir" may get the researchers some grant money but I really find it hard to believe that it is going to turn into a viable CO2 sequestration system.
The lighting system application is probably more practical - any MgO made by an organic route is going to be expensive. MgO has been used in the past in some optical applications, eg photomultiplier tubes and (very limited) in florescent lights. Catalysts are another possible real application -- MgO is used to make several different catlaysts. Once you get a new product on market all kinds of interesting applications turn up.