Radio pulses from pulsar appear to move faster than light
January 14, 2010 by Lin Edwards
A diagram of a pulsar, showing its rotation axis and its magnetic axis. Image: NASA
(PhysOrg.com) -- Laboratory experiments in the last few decades have shown that some things can appear to move faster than light without contradicting Einstein's special theory of relativity, but now astrophysicists have seen real examples of superluminal speeds in the form of radio pulses from a pulsar.
Superluminal, or faster than light, speeds are associated with anomalous dispersion, which is a process in which the refractive index of a medium increases with the wavelength of light passing through it. If a light pulse (consisting of a group of light waves at different wavelengths) passes through such a medium, the group velocity of the pulse can increase to a velocity greater than any of the waves within the pulse, but the energy of the pulse still travels at the speed of light, which means information is transmitted in accordance with Einstein's theory.
Astrophysicists, led by Frederick Jenet of the University of Texas at Brownsville, have been monitoring a pulsar, PSR B1937+21, which is about 10,000 light years from Earth. They used the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico to obtain radio data over three days at 1420.4 MHz with a bandwidth of 1.5 MHz. They found that pulses closer to the center arrived earlier than the normal timing, which suggests they had travelled faster than the speed of light.
A pulsar is a neutron star that is spinning rapidly and emitting a rotating beam of radio radiation as it spins, which is observed on Earth at regular intervals rather like light from a lighthouse. The pulses of radiation can be affected by several factors as they travel through the interstellar medium (ISM). Their polarization can be rotated if they pass through a magnetic field, for example, and they can be scattered if they encounter free electrons, and can be absorbed by neutral hydrogen in the ISM. Jenet and his colleagues think anomalous dispersion also affects the pulses.
According to Jenet and colleagues, the pulses from the pulsar traveled through a cloud of neutral hydrogen, which has a resonance of 1420.4 MHz -- the exact center of the bandwidth studied. Passing through the cloud caused anomalous dispersion that resulted in a superluminal group velocity, and pulses with frequencies closest to the resonance frequency arrived earlier than other pulses.
The scientists believe the pulses appear to travel faster than light because of an "interplay between the time scales present in the pulse and the time scales present in the medium." The faster-than-light pulses do not violate Einstein's theory because technically the pulse carries no information. The effect has been known in laboratory experiments, but these observations were the first in an astrophysical context.
The findings, to be published in the Astrophysical Journal, could help astronomers gain a more complete understanding of the composition of space in the regions between stars, and in particular the properties of neutral hydrogen clouds in our galaxy.
More information: A preprint of the article is available at http://arxiv.org/a … /0909.2445v2 .
© 2010 PhysOrg.com
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Jan 14, 2010
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They can't mean ether????
Jan 14, 2010
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What happens "out there" is definitely not what we see here, which e.g. special relativity and the uncertainty principle tell us. But that is true for any distance, so I don't see how you can justify information extracted at astronomical distances as being nonfactual. It seems to me that your logic stretches as far as "I don't understand it, hence it cannot be" which saddens me.
Jan 14, 2010
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Jan 14, 2010
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Sometimes when scientists (and indeed everybody) is confronted with a question they do not understand immediately they will give off a bullshite answer just to get the asker off their case and get some time to think about it.
I guess the neutral hydrogen cloud is possible - but where is the evidence of it beyond the disparity of the light arrival time?
Has it happened before?
Does it happen regularily?
Is there another explaination? (Does Occams's razor countenence creating a neutral hydrogen cloud?)
Jan 14, 2010
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It would be analogous to intersecting telephone wires visually crossing as they move in the wind. The illusion of the denser "intersection" can appear to travel at extremely high speeds.
Or a beam sweeping through a narrow gas cloud could do the same thing. No?
Jan 14, 2010
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Distance DOES matter. You can't possibly tell me that relativity plays little role where you are sitting there but not out in the heart of a black hole. Simply put we are looking out from earth as our point of reference without understanding the universe completely. We make up stop gap solutions like Dark matter, but these observations may just stem from our incomplete understanding of how galaxies work.
Jan 14, 2010
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Jan 14, 2010
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I disagree. If either Laws or Theories, or both, can not be applied to all areas of the universe, that can only mean our reasoning is faulty, not that some areas are exempt.
Jan 14, 2010
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My thoughts exactly. Either you have "something" or you have "nothing at all".
If you DETECT "something" then you MUST have "information" of some sort: A photon, a gravity wave, "something". Any "something" must have some form of information, energy, particle, or mass of some sort.
If this "something" moved faster than the speed of light, either Einstein's theory is wrong, or some form of teleportation or non-local motion took place.
This article is almost like saying, "I heard a noise, but detected no energy."
Clearly it is a contradiction.
Jan 14, 2010
Rank: 2.7 / 5 (3)
Do you realize the consequences of that is that it would be 100% impossible to prove anything as it regards space and time of an event?
You can't even prove yesterday existed, if this is the case, since it might be some sort of ghost or illusion caused by changes in the laws since the "real" yesterday, in which case, physics is an entirely vain endeavor.
Jan 14, 2010
Rank: 4.6 / 5 (8)
WE ALL MISSED IT the first time through - lol
so in other words the pulses in the center were not slowed down.. and everything else was. They did not get here faster than light - they just never had to go through a substance that diffracted them and made them go slower
-- it like there was a giant torus of water out there and and light that went through the middle (where there was no water) never slowed down and the outer ring went through the water and arrived late
Jan 14, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
If the laws applied chaotically then you'd be correct, however, we can assume that may not be the case.
We already have cursory evidence that gravity is not homogenously applied due to the voyager perturbations as well as the percieved motion of different astral bodies.
And without any form of understanding about time, that's the case now.
Prove yesterday happened to an amnesiac:)
Jan 14, 2010
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Jan 14, 2010
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It's not a BS answer - it's just a plausible one. Maybe they're right, maybe they're wrong.
This effect stated is known - I learned about it 30 years ago when I took optics and back then it wasn't a new concept. I don't remember much else about it, but if you want to learn more about it, here are some good links:
http://www.iitk.a...ght.html
Jan 14, 2010
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P.S. The truth is out there.
Jan 14, 2010
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Speeds exceeding speed of light in a medium are not exactly new (many nuclear reactors exhibit those. It causes Cherenkov radiation)
(Actually there is a theoretical way to legally exceed the speed of light in vacuum by emitting a photon in a space where the Casimir effect is noticeable.)
Jan 14, 2010
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Jan 14, 2010
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Are the authors rewriting Dr. Einstein's postulation ?
tkjtkj@gmail.com
Jan 14, 2010
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Sorry, I just had to ask: what happens if you exceed the speed of light illegally? Do you get a cosmic speeding ticket? =)
At any rate, I wonder what the theory is you're mentioning. Casimir requires a very small cavity, so wavelength of light is constrained by the width of the cavity (which is responsible for the Effect in the first place.) So the more noticeable the effect (the tighter the cavity), the shorter the wavelength you'd have to emit -- and even though you're removing some long-wave turbulence from the vacuum inside the cavity, by using higher-frequency photons you're interacting more with short-wave turbulence. Without calculating, intuitively it seems like it should just balance out to 0 net effect -- and that's before looking at more intense electromagnetic 'cable effects' for higher energies.
Jan 14, 2010
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No. In fact, Einstein's postulate of C as the highest possible speed is crucially connected to Einstein's use of light as the fundamental carrier of information. In other words, Einstein postulated that light is the absolutely fastest and most fundamental way we can obtain information about any object or experiment: which is why he always uses light as the measuring stick in all his thought experiments (and how he derives things like time dilation/length contraction.)
If information could propagate faster than light, then that method of signaling (whatever it is) would be superior, represent a more fundamental process, and would/should be used instead. Then Relativity would be relegated exclusively to the electromagnetic domain.
Jan 14, 2010
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Consider: Maxwell explained that light is basically a pair of waves in the electromagnetic field. One wave is in the electric field, the other in the magnetic field. The waves are orthogonal, and their phases are arranged precisely so that as one wanes it reinforces the other, and as it strengthens it weakens the other. Thus the waves mutually reinforce and refocus each other locally, and prevent each other from dissipating. But basically, a photon can propagate through space only as fast as a disturbance can propagate through either the electric, or the magnetic field (or the electromagnetic field, if you like.)
Let's assume the electromagnetic "field" is just an abstract subset of some more general entity -- called The Vacuum. Einstein's postulate is that all disturbances in The Vacuum propagate at the same and invariant speed: C. This is similar to how the speed of sound in air is constant, assuming invariance of the air's temperature, pressure, and composition
Jan 14, 2010
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So, everything in the universe is either pure Vacuum, or some contortion within the vacuum -- both what we call "energy" and what we call "matter" are just different types of disturbances within the vacuum. "Energy" travels in waves, in straight lines, at maximum speed -- might be thought of as equivalent to "sound" within the vacuum. Matter is somehow more convoluted and twisted up (maybe it contorts the very vacuum itself), and so it cannot propagate at as high a speed -- perhaps it's the equivalent of "vortices", or "tornadoes", within the vacuum. All other phenomena are also expressed within the Vacuum: all the other "forces" like weak, strong, and gravitation. So looked at this way, it sort of becomes "obvious" that 1) energy and matter are interchangeable and can transform into each other, and 2) nothing can ever move within the vacuum at speeds exceeding the speed of light.
Whew, done. No more spam from me on this issue =)
Jan 14, 2010
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Within a Casimir cavity the number of modes is limited. This means that there will be less virtual particle pairs creation than in an 'open' vacuum. (This also causes the casimir effect since more virtual particle pairs outside create a higher 'pressure' than inside and hence you get a net attractive force between the walls of the cavity)
The theory says that virtual particle pairs can be seen as a very thin medium (effectively saying that that a vacuum devoid of matter is not really 100% empty all the time). So c should be slightly higher within the cavity since the medium density therein is lower.
The Uncertainty principle makes sure that there is no such thing as a perfect vacuum.
Jan 14, 2010
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Thanks PinkElephant for your posts. Also antialias, but I suspect that your proposed faster than light proton idea will go the way of all those wonderful sounding and convincing ideas for violating the second law of thermodynamics (maxwell's demon springs to mind).
Jan 14, 2010
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You state it more succinctly than I did, but my counterargument remains the same. Basically, if what you're saying is true, then a volume of "dirty" vacuum would act like a prism if embedded in a "clean" vacuum that somehow excluded some or all fluctuations. Prisms refract (or in other words, slow down) different wavelengths by different amounts. Higher frequencies slow down ('bend') more than low frequencies. So as you shrink your cavity, you must increase the frequency of the photons you want to send through it (otherwise they won't "fit" inside the cavity!) Thus, even as you thin the medium, you're simultaneously ratcheting up the frequency: the two effects seem diametrically opposed and indeed proportional. Thus, no net effect?
Jan 14, 2010
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It's not been shown experimentally and with the effect being on the order of 1 part in 10^36 being pretty miniscule it's likely to remain so for a while. The argument behind it just makes sense to me for the moment. c postulates a perfect vacuum. However the universe does not supply that anywhere.
On an unrelated note:
There has been an experiment that tried to show that higher energy (read: frequency) photons are slightly faster than lower energy photons by observing distant starburst. The results were inconclusive. If the speeds are truly the same no matter the frequency then then the Scharnhorst effect should be observable in a casimir cavity.
Jan 14, 2010
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Jan 14, 2010
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well, i have profited by your views... At the same time, i must say that your thoughts are conjectures (not unreasonable!) that are not in agreement with all particle people ..
I think the LHC will add much data to this intrigueing topic. thanks for you views!
Jan 14, 2010
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Einstein thought the EPR paper showed conclusively that something was very wrong with QM (he ridiculed his own prediction, which he thought was preposterous, as "spooky action at a distance".)
Now, as to what's *really* going on, I personally won't claim to know! Still, I tend to be very suspicious of "teleportation" claims. Really, any instantaneous phenomenon would imply that there is no underlying mechanism (because mechanisms take time to do their thing) -- in other words, teleportation is a rather blatantly magical concept. To me, it "feels" thoroughly unphysical; I'm not alone in this. So, I suspect such results are fundamentally nothing more than synchronization coupled with delayed measurement rather than actual teleportation. Even those who take "teleportation" seriously, state unequivocally that it is mathematically impossible to transmit information (including, obviously, structure) faster than light via this 'phenomenon'.
Jan 15, 2010
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Very old Einsteinian problem. Speed of light is constant within the media it travels, and the vaccuum of space produces a constant speed the Einstein used in all his thought experiments for the Theories of Relativity. However, he recognised that any change of media may alter the speed up or down from that 'constant'.
Hence, we con not trust all that 'space' permits us to see.
Jan 15, 2010
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An instantaneous phenomenon could have a mechanism that doesn't depend on time. Things are happening instantaneously around us all the time. A particle exhibits localized particle properties instead of wave properties the moment we make an observation. As far as I know there is no time in between. Now we just have to stretch our way of thinking enough to allow for instantaneous actions in space as well as time.
Jan 15, 2010
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You could store 5 volkswagons in a space the size of an atom if you can warp space to a significant enough degree. Space and volume are not fixed. They will always appear to be, and we perceive that to be the case, however, if you compress space-time the speed of light appears to slow down to an external observer. Conversely if you stretch space-time, light appears to move "faster than light".
We assume gravity, and by extension, mass affect the shape and stretch of space-time. Hence why I put my earlier question into the discussion. How did they account for the calculated warping of space due to the presence of a neutron star?
Jan 15, 2010
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I do speak with depths of ignorance, but the only thing I have ever read or heard of that applied its mechanism or process instantaneous or superluminally is the Big Bang.
Jan 15, 2010
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Jan 15, 2010
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That is a nonsensical statement. Try to think a bit more carefully, about the meaning of the word "mechanism". Mechanism implies a *process*. A process is a sequence of causally linked state changes. A sequence of state changes is the very definition of time. There is not, nor can there be by definition, a "timeless mechanism".
Jan 15, 2010
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I understand there's lots of discussion on this. What seems reasonable to me is if the particles were sent in a known series, the odd one out would be info. xxxx xxxx xxox xxxx The receiver would be checking and collapsing all particles. The home particle would have to be changed before it's twin was read by the receiver, but that could be a millisecond. Home particles could be stored until ready for use.
Jan 15, 2010
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Sorry, no cigar. As soon as the relevant property of the particles is known (a.k.a. measured), they are no longer entangled (i.e. their wavefunction has collapsed.) So if you're going to send out pre-collapsed particles, then you aren't doing any better than just sending signals out via modulated radio waves (i.e. light-speed communication.)
Jan 15, 2010
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http://www.physor...970.html
-wow that was easier than I thought-
Jan 15, 2010
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Yes - but what would be the point for transmitting information? Upon creation they are in the same place. The fastest one of these particles can move is the speed of light - so you cannot exceed c for getting that information from 'here' to 'there' (i.e. you may as well spare yourself the effort and use radio waves).
What _would_ be FTL-indformation dissemination is if you could create indeterminate pairs, then separate them and then force one into being in certain configuration when you measure it (but you can't do that since that would be 'measuring it before measuring it')
Oops...just noticed that pinkelephant has already said that. My bad.
Jan 16, 2010
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The whole point of 'entanglement' is that the property of the particle that we're going to be measuring, cannot be determined ahead of time. That's what creates the "superposition" of quantum states. Any setup that creates particle pairs with already-known properties, will fail to create entangled particles by definition.
As for the article you linked, first of all thanks. I didn't know about that find, and it's a beautiful thing -- because it argues pretty strongly *against* the philosophical underpinnings of the Copenhagen Interpretation. In other words, it argues for an underlying reality that exists and evolves independently of measurement.
Jan 16, 2010
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What he found, was a carrier wave or signal of a sort that was near 'instantaneous', and was coming from the exact point where the given star is in reality, not at the received light location. He had done enough work in that area to try shielding the 'wave' he detected with nearly the entire table of elements and the only thing he found that shielded this wave was aluminum.
Look it up, track it down.
Science is not supposed to be dogma - that weakness comes from human frailties, misapplied in science. All is open to interpretation and re-interpretation.
If science fails in that critical point - it slips into dogma and religion.
Jan 16, 2010
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Jan 16, 2010
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Jan 16, 2010
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Jan 16, 2010
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As noted this doesn't work (because you have already collapsed it in the known 'x' configuration and cannot change that to an 'o'). You cannot _force_ the collapse of an entangled/unknown state into _one_ definite state.
That would be like saying: "I will create an indefinite state that is definitely in state 'x' "
That makes no sense.
Jan 17, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
http://en.wikiped...ntronics
"To make a spintronic device, the primary requirements are a system that can generate a current of spin-polarized electrons comprising more of one spin species—up or down—than the other (called a spin injector)"... If I understand correctly, this means that the state of these electrons is known statistically without measuring them. If they are created at a known ratio, then changing this ratio in the home beam of entangled particles would be conveyed to the remote receiver in the system I described above.
"Manipulation of the electron spin during transport between injector and detector (especially in semiconductors) via spin precession can be accomplished using real external magnetic fields or effective fields caused by spin-orbit interaction... Spin polarization in non-magnetic materials can be achieved either through the Zeeman effect in large magnetic fields and low temperatures, or by non-equilibrium methods."
-Possible?
Jan 17, 2010
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Jan 17, 2010
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I think everyone is missing this bit in the article. Phase velocity and group velocity exceeding speed of light c in absorptive media is nothing ground breaking. A physics student usually solves this problem as homework assignment in first year college physics class. It's a simple application of differential calculus with wave equation and wavelength dependent dispersion relationship.
This phenomenon is very common in many of technological devices we use: lasers, fiber optics, electro-optic devices, etc.
The only thing novel about this article is that this well known phenomenon was discovered in an astronomical object. No need to invoke any other exotic theories or hypotheses to account for this observation.
Jan 18, 2010
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Jan 18, 2010
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Jan 18, 2010
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And it's not true, this phenomenon was described in an astronomical object first - the same effect was disputed before years for jet of M87 galaxy, where it has supposedly the same explanation.
http://www.stsci....m87.html
Jan 18, 2010
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http://en.wikiped...l_motion
M87 jet superluminosity is an illusion. So elnose is still right, everybody else is wrong including me. Thanks for clearing that up. EXcept what did the author mean by 'carries no information'? Nothing went faster than c for the given medium right?
Jan 19, 2010
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Jan 19, 2010
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Jan 19, 2010
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Anybody with any illumination on my spintronics comments above and entanglement communicating??
Jan 20, 2010
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Jan 20, 2010
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jsaldea12
jsaldea12@yahoo.com
1.21.10
Jan 21, 2010
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Very tough to explain or quantify, however, it's not a matter of "it can't be done" it's a matter of fighting with the HUP and finding a way to compensate.
Effectively the answer is "it's not economical".
Jan 21, 2010
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"If Alice wishes to transmit a '0', she measures the spin of her electron in the z direction, collapsing Bob's state to either |z+>B or |z->B. If Alice wishes to transmit a '1', she measures the spin of her electron in the x direction, collapsing Bob's state to either |x+>B or |x->B. Bob creates many copies of his electron's state, and measures the spin of each copy in the z direction. If Alice transmitted a '0', all his measurements will produce the same result; otherwise, his measurements will be split evenly between +1/2 and -1/2. This would allow Alice and Bob to communicate across space-like separations, potentially violating causality. But violation of causality is not sufficient as proof of no superluminal communication. So superluminal communication remains an open issue."
-Too expensive or being attempted somewhere as we speak?
Jan 21, 2010
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There's something in QM that prevents the above scenario: the so-called "No Cloning Theorem" (look it up on Wikipedia.)
Basically, Bob can make copies of a particle whose state had been collapsed, but he can't make copies of a particle whose state is entangled. By attempting to make a copy of an entangled particle, Bob will cause it to collapse its state. Thereupon, that copy and all other copies will have identical spins (if they're good-quality copies, that is...) -- i.e. the result would be indistinguishable from Alice sending a '0'.
Jan 21, 2010
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"The no cloning theorem prevents superluminal communication via quantum cloning. However, this does not in itself prevent faster-than-light or superluminal communication, since it is not the only proposed method of such communication. But, consider the EPR thought experiment, and suppose quantum states could be cloned. Alice could send bits to Bob in the following way: (see quoted paragraph above)
-All theorems are fair game.
Jan 22, 2010
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physpuppy has already posted this link, which discusses the anomalous dispersion phenomenon in greater detail (and goes into technicalities of group velocity and phase velocity):
http://www.iitk.a...ght.html
If anyone's interested, light at 1420.4 Mhz has a wavelength of 0.211 meters (if c = 3*10^8 m/s), so the light measured and reported in this article was well outside the visible range...
Fascinating discussion, thanks! :)