Scientists find quantum mechanics at work in photosynthesis
February 3, 2010 By Sean Bettam
Cryptophye algae from the ocean (species Rhodomonas). Image credit: University of Toronto
(PhysOrg.com) -- A team of University of Toronto chemists have made a major contribution to the emerging field of quantum biology, observing quantum mechanics at work in photosynthesis in marine algae.
"There's been a lot of excitement and speculation that nature may be using quantum mechanical practices," says chemistry professor Greg Scholes, lead author of a new study published this week in Nature. "Our latest experiments show that normally functioning biological systems have the capacity to use quantum mechanics in order to optimize a process as essential to their survival as photosynthesis."
Special proteins called light-harvesting complexes are used in photosynthesis to capture sunlight and funnel its energy to nature's solar cells - other proteins known as reaction centres. Scholes and his colleagues isolated light-harvesting complexes from two different species of marine algae and studied their function under natural temperature conditions using a sophisticated laser experiment known as two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy.
"We stimulated the proteins with femtosecond laser pulses to mimic the absorption of sunlight," explains Scholes. "This enabled us to monitor the subsequent processes, including the movement of energy between special molecules bound in the protein, against a stop-clock. We were astonished to find clear evidence of long-lived quantum mechanical states involved in moving the energy. Our result suggests that the energy of absorbed light resides in two places at once - a quantum superposition state, or coherence - and such a state lies at the heart of quantum mechanical theory."
"This and other recent discoveries have captured the attention of researchers for several reasons," says Scholes. "First, it means that quantum mechanical probability laws can prevail over the classical laws of kinetics in this complex biological system, even at normal temperatures. The energy can thereby flow efficiently by—counter intuitively—traversing several alternative paths through the antenna proteins simultaneously. It also raises some other potentially fascinating questions, such as, have these organisms developed quantum-mechanical strategies for light-harvesting to gain an evolutionary advantage? It suggests that algae knew about quantum mechanics nearly two billion years before humans," says Scholes.
More information: The findings are presented in a paper titled "Coherently wired light-harvesting in photosynthetic marine algae at ambient temperature", to be published February 4 in Nature.
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Feb 03, 2010
Rank: 4.5 / 5 (11)
Nature has been researching life for billions of years in an untold number of biochemical reactors, all squarely in the quantum realm. I expect it to not only take advantage of QM but to transcend QM and use mechanism which we don't even think exist yet.
Feb 03, 2010
Rank: 1.6 / 5 (13)
We are space virus', living on a spec of space dust; But, with the arrogance to make sweeping statements as to the Universe, and declaring God is not its cause.
If there is a Divine sense of humor, this has to have Him "rolling in the isles"!
Feb 03, 2010
Rank: 4.5 / 5 (8)
Feb 03, 2010
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Feb 03, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (7)
Not a very scientific approach, do you think?
Feb 03, 2010
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Feb 03, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (3)
Validation of theories by experiment is just as important as new theories. Sounds to me like you overvalue theory relative to practice, since you dismiss the results of experimentation as having added no value.
Feb 03, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
That's how intelligent designers work. It's not how evolution works. Evolution works by a scattershot trial-and-error approach: randomly generate trillions of variants, most of which won't survive; the ones that survive, may be better or worse than the original; the ones that are better, "win" and possibly replace the original. Rinse, repeat.
(Actually, for single-celled organisms populating an entire planet, "trillions" of variants is probably quite an understatement, even over the course of 1 single year.)
Feb 04, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (4)
Feb 04, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
The way I see it it's just as likely that our universe is one of nearly infinite simulations, or like unto such, in fact there isn't really much difference between that concept and the multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics, the only difference being that the simulation concept expects some kind of higher dimensional being existing outside of the simulation. Also, in the case of a simulation, the universe could be designed and redesigned at any point in time without our knowledge. The age of the universe would be indeterminate for any being occupying a computer simulation, one could only calculate a perceived time. There would never be a way to know. Or ... maybe there is. It's up for debate if it's possible to prove whether or not there is/are higher intelligence(s).
Feb 04, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
Water + CO2 + sunlight + quantum mechanics = food, plastics and oil, hopefully without screwing up the environment much further.
Feb 04, 2010
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The article also links to other articles that are very interesting ... one on scent and the other on bird's ability to see magnetic fields....
Feb 04, 2010
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If you are referring in particular to the quote:
"It also raises some other potentially fascinating questions, such as, have these organisms developed quantum-mechanical strategies for light-harvesting to gain an evolutionary advantage? It suggests that algae knew about quantum mechanics nearly two billion years before humans," says Scholes.
Then I'd have to agree that's pretty rediculous but I don't think he means that literally ... I hope not. ;)
Feb 04, 2010
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Feb 04, 2010
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Feb 04, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
"Learning" is successful survival and procreation. "Retention" is due to persistent structural changes to heritable features: nuclear DNA, and certain symbiotic organelles such as mitochondria.
Dead.
For microscopic organisms, the failed variants don't leave much of a detectable trail at all.
For higher organisms, most of the "unhappy accidents" don't survive gestation. But even after birth, you're still not off the hook, until you survive through to adulthood, get yourself a mate, and produce viable offspring of your own.
Most of the failed attempts leave no trace: they are totally consumed, as food, by other organisms, and the remains are destroyed by chemistry and erosion. Very few things fossilize, and odds heavily favor samples from the large and successful populations.
Feb 04, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (1)
Using phrases like "seems to suggest" don't go very far with fellow readers who like to see peer reviewed research. Intelligent design cannot be peer reviewed since it transcends the scientific process. It would be like me telling you that unicorns are in fact responsible for the diversity of life because they are magical creatures with unknown magical powers. Can you test that hypothesis?
Feb 04, 2010
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Feb 05, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
They're dead.
Feb 06, 2010
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Feb 07, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
This is the 'variation' part of 'variation and selection'. I, like many other people, have blue eyes and brown hair, a mutation of pigmentation genes, which neither harms nor helps me. Humans are full of this type of thing.
Feb 07, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Feb 07, 2010
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Again, I agree, conscious selections for maximum benefit.
The only way "competition" is possible, is for an overall awareness of relative advantages. It is apparent that this takes place. So, where does this consciousness reside?
"Avoid"?, Yup! Beautifully refined decision.
Feb 08, 2010
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My keyboard is using electricity, and it isn't conscious. A rock in a hole avoids falling in an earthquake, and that doesn't make a rock conscious.
However those who say that there is no intelligence involved in the design of living things are equally wrong. There is an intelligent PROCESS at work - it is called evolution.
Just as my brain can take individually random movements of oxygen and glucose molecules and turn a huge number of events into creative, intelligent action, so, too, genomes have evolved to turn mutations into creative and intelligent design.
Evolution IS intelligent design. Life has evolved to evolve, so the process has become more and more intelligent and it has come up with extremely intelligent designs. This work just fine without an EXTERNAL or CONSCIOUS designer.
If there is a god, evolution is god's tool for designing living things. If there is no god, evolution happens anyway.
Feb 08, 2010
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Stubborn misinterpretations of my statements don't make your twisted conclusions any better. When I said it would be surprising if nature avoided using any tools in its toolbox, that was because nature does not exhibit the requisite intentionality to say Yes or No to anything. Nature automatically takes whatever paths are physically possible. Evolution is the subtractive process that removes life forms that are less optimized for the environment. At no time is there a need for a magic being to say, "I like that one better."
Nature doesn't care if you understand it or not. But spurious provocation on a discussion thread is uncool.
Feb 08, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Similar effects are found in Brain neurons for Telekinesis, Telepathy, DejeVu etc, I have seen Gurus having these powers. Transition metals like Platinum atom etc when attached to neurons, they have special powers.
Feb 08, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Feb 08, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
Conciousness is a result of evolution, so of course it would appear that nature is arranged by a conciousness. The truth is without the chaos of nature conciousness would not be distinguishable from chaos and as such you find your theory of ID to be soundly disproved by its own mechanics.
Any questions?
Feb 16, 2010
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What a remarkable statement to assert! Do you have ANY data to support it? For that matter, could you take a paragraph or two, and explain exactly what Conciousness actually is?
Feb 16, 2010
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You'll have to excuse me if I find my view to be more accurate than "A guy you can't see, and won't meet until after you die, made everything."
Feb 17, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Feb 17, 2010
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I think conciousness is a byproduct of evolution.
And you think, that my statement is ridiculous while yours is perfectly sound.
So who bestowed your creator with conciousness?
Feb 17, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Science now recognizes that time/space is a "thing", having at least an intellectual identifiable existence. What we refer to as The Creator, having caused time/space to exist, is not limited by the time/space Universe, or the rules imposed upon it.
Simply put, The First Cause is.
Feb 17, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
There's no logical argument that can be made for any "first cause". In fact, logic leads one to conclude that no "first cause" is possible: time must be just as infinite as space, with no beginning, and no end. You can see this rather simply, by considering the notion of "existence": to exist, one needs context -- but then does the context exist?
Just like it's obvious that the Sun moves around on the sky, while the Earth stands still. You're projecting, and rather naively at that. Grow up. The universe is not made in your image, and it doesn't need you, nor any of your qualities. Your metaphysical views are both obviously anthropogenic, and painfully anthropomorphic.
Feb 17, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Your brain is a result of evolution. Whereas your consciousness is a product of your brain.
There's mountains of evidence -- structural, functional, fossil, genetic, biochemical -- for the former.
For the latter, all you need to do to convince yourself, is get drunk, or take some drugs, or have someone poke electrodes in your brain and stimulate random areas: then observe the effects upon your consciousness. Still not convinced? Try some sleep deprivation. Or for that matter, just reflect upon the phenomenon of sleep itself. Consider what it means to be "knocked unconscious". Ponder impacts of brain abnormalities, such as Down's syndrome, schizophrenia, grand mal ceisures, clinical depression, autism, sociopathy, split-brain syndrome, etc.
Feb 17, 2010
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Hold on, I know how to respond to this in a way you'll understand.
"What a remarkable statement to assert! Do you have ANY data to support it? For that matter, could you take a paragraph or two, and explain exactly what God actually is?"
I eagerly await your response, but I feel as though it won't answer the question you posed.
Feb 17, 2010
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The "logic" we use, is pretty much a human creation. If quantum physics teaches us nothing else, it should knock us off our high horses about what is "logical".
Feb 17, 2010
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Feb 17, 2010
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Your brain is a result of evolution. Whereas your consciousness is a product of your brain.
You are confusing the capacity for tapping higher levels of consciousness with the consciousness itself. We really do not know what consciousness is, only if it is being expressed or not.
Fossils of consciousness? Really?
Feb 17, 2010
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So you argue that damaging the physical mechanism, the “radio receiver” if you will, you have damaged the unseen “radio station”? Consciousness appears to be directly tied to life, and again, we really do not know what it is, but rather only when it is missing.
Feb 17, 2010
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Again, a straw man argument. Perception is all any of us have. Through out history, the scientists of the day strutted and pontificated on one side, while the religionists did likewise on the other. No one has any absolute proofs of anything. My point in all this is that no matter the subject, actual reality is always much greater than the knowledge available, and for that matter understandable.
And please, stop with the rather unsophisticated "grow up" nonsense. I've spent 70 years participating in life and many levels in formulating my understanding. It sounds like you have just begun.
Feb 17, 2010
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If that was really your point, you wouldn't make statements such as, "The evidence of consciousness is obvious."
People who live in glass houses... To wit: "Your characterization of "God" is childish..."
Feb 17, 2010
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No, I argue that there is NO "unseen radio station" in the first place. In other words, I'll believe it when I SEE it. Put another way, extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. Ockham's razor, you know...
On the other hand, there is an exponentially growing heap of knowledge that falls under the rubric of "cognitive neuroscience", that shows very conclusively and quite indisputably, that there are no "radio stations". There are only networks of neurons, exchanging electrochemical impulses. Sorry to disappoint, but over a century of intense world-wide investigation has found no mysterious "supernatural" strings pulling on the material components and violating laws of physics or chemistry in the process. The brain is a causal, massively parallel computational machine, driven by sensory inputs and proprioceptive feedback.
Feb 17, 2010
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If that was really your point, you wouldn't make statements such as, "The evidence of consciousness is obvious."
It was, because everyone I know, believes in consciousness, no matter their individual interpretation.
The characterization was indeed how a child might describe God. I didn't say the author was actually childish, just the statement.
Feb 17, 2010
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"the former" referred to the first statement, namely: "Your brain is a result of evolution." There are no fossils of brains, but there are fossils of skulls, from which brain imprints can be obtained and afferent/efferent nerve channels mapped. Something tells me that when it comes to cognitive science, you're arguing from ignorance. I have a degree in it.
So you are proposing argumentation in absence of logic. Good luck.
By the way, quantum physics is VERY logical. It is expressed via mathematics, which is the most highly structured and most tightly logical method of communication available or imaginable. That it contradicts your "intuition", is another matter.
Feb 17, 2010
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You weren't talking about individual consciousness of a given animal. You were ascribing consciousness to the universe at large, and furthermore declaring such a fantastical proposal, "obvious".
Yes, but the very notion of God, in itself, is childish. Every bit as childish, as the notion of the monster under the bed.
Feb 17, 2010
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Conciousness is another term for being self aware.
I don't need anything other than my functional brain to be aware of myself.
Feb 17, 2010
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That's an over-simplification. There are many degrees of self-awareness. And it can be argued that human consciousness is qualitatively much more sophisticated than the consciousness of a fish.
Also the quality of being sentient is a key component of consciousness, yet it is manifested by 'primitive' organisms on the order of a mollusk, and to a certain degree even in plants, fungi, and bacteria.
To some extent, even a virus can be understood as "sentient" -- even if only on different time scales, and mostly specializing in chemical (as opposed to optical, inertial, or sonic) modalities.
On the whole, our linguistic construct of "consciousness" is a chimera and an illusion. What's really going on under the covers defies folk wisdom in all kinds of ways -- which manifest phenomenologically only as a result of disease, intoxication, or lesions. It's one area of science where "common sense" is quite worthless
Feb 18, 2010
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But both examples are conciousness. The definition is overly simple due to my intended audience's propensity towards confusion and delusion.
Feb 18, 2010
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Feb 20, 2010
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