First 'synthetic life': Scientists 'boot up' a bacterial cell with a synthetic genome
May 20, 2010
Negatively stained transmission electron micrographs of dividing M. mycoides JCVI-syn1. Electron micrographs were provided by Tom Deerinck and Mark Ellisman of the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research at the University of California at San Diego.
(PhysOrg.com) -- Scientists have developed the first cell controlled by a synthetic genome. They now hope to use this method to probe the basic machinery of life and to engineer bacteria specially designed to solve environmental or energy problems.
The study will be published online by the journal Science, at the Science Express website, on Thursday, 20 May.
The research team, led by Craig Venter of the J. Craig Venter Institute, has already chemically synthesized a bacterial genome, and it has transplanted the genome of one bacterium to another. Now, the scientists have put both methods together, to create what they call a "synthetic cell," although only its genome is synthetic.
"This is the first synthetic cell that's been made, and we call it synthetic because the cell is totally derived from a synthetic chromosome, made with four bottles of chemicals on a chemical synthesizer, starting with information in a computer," said Venter.
"This becomes a very powerful tool for trying to design what we want biology to do. We have a wide range of applications [in mind]," he said.
For example, the researchers are planning to design algae that can capture carbon dioxide and make new hydrocarbons that could go into refineries. They are also working on ways to speed up vaccine production. Making new chemicals or food ingredients and cleaning up water are other possible benefits, according to Venter.
In the Science study, the researchers synthesized the genome of the bacterium M. mycoides and added DNA sequences that "watermark" the genome to distinguish it from a natural one.
Because current machines can only assemble relatively short strings of DNA letters at a time, the researchers inserted the shorter sequences into yeast, whose DNA-repair enzymes linked the strings together. They then transferred the medium-sized strings into E. coli and back into yeast. After three rounds of assembly, the researchers had produced a genome over a million base pairs long.
The scientists then transplanted the synthetic M. mycoides genome into another type of bacteria, Mycoplasm capricolum. The new genome "booted up" the recipient cells. Although fourteen genes were deleted or disrupted in the transplant bacteria, they still looked like normal M. mycoides bacteria and produced only M. mycoides proteins, the authors report.
The assembly of a synthetic M. mycoides genome in yeast. Figure from Gibson, D. G., J. I. Glass, et al. 2010. Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized genome. Science, Published online May 20 2010.
"This is an important step we think, both scientifically and philosophically. It's certainly changed my views of the definitions of life and how life works," Venter said.Acknowledging the ethical discussion about synthetic biology research, Venter explained that his team asked for a bioethical review in the late 1990s and has participated in variety of discussions on the topic.
"I think this is the first incidence in science where the extensive bioethical review took place before the experiments were done. It's part of an ongoing process that we've been driving, trying to make sure that the science proceeds in an ethical fashion, that we're being thoughtful about what we do and looking forward to the implications to the future," he said.
More information: 20 May 2010, Science, "Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome."
J. Craig Venter Institute announcement: http://www.jcvi.or … -researcher/
Provided by American Association for the Advancement of Science
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May 20, 2010
Rank: 4.7 / 5 (15)
May 20, 2010
Rank: 3.2 / 5 (5)
Only 4-6 more decades till i can finally get myself a Chocobo.
May 20, 2010
Rank: 3.2 / 5 (10)
Given that technology is almost invariably used for both "good" and "evil" purposes, it is only a matter of time before this technology is employed to create something harmful- bioweapons spring immediately to mind.
This is important technology to have, and the scietific enquiry from which it arose is important, too- it's just disheartening to know that in addition to all the good that will come of it, there will inevitably be evil, as well- and possibly evil big enough to completely overwhelm the benefit to be had.
May 20, 2010
Rank: 2.6 / 5 (9)
May 20, 2010
Rank: 1.9 / 5 (15)
Patent law needs to be changed before something escapes from the lab.
May 20, 2010
Rank: 4.6 / 5 (14)
At the same time, this power requires a high degree of responsibility. Venter & Co. duly acknowledge the 'ethical implications', but more discussion and debate will be needed to help us transition as safely as possible to this new (& inevitable) era of technology.
May 20, 2010
Rank: 3.8 / 5 (4)
May 20, 2010
Rank: 4.1 / 5 (11)
We've had the ability to design bioweapons (and mukes) for decades. Don't freak out.
May 20, 2010
Rank: 3.6 / 5 (10)
May 20, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (10)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (18)
It bugs me the way these events are reported. They are always reported with the most dramatic spin possible instead of the truth.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (11)
IMO, the distinction is not so clear. For one thing, "from nothing" is impossible (as opposed to difficult). Come on, what do you want? It's always going to be legos; they'll just get smaller and smaller as we gain understanding.
I think this kind of objection is always going to be around, because one can always argue that any creative work was derived from something else.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4.8 / 5 (8)
As the Fallout 3 annoying man used to say: "Are we there yet?"
And it still boggles the mind how nature has overcome this chicken/egg problem, but maybe black smoking ocean vents provided the first basic motherboard upon wich a bios could be build by its spweing chemicals and temperature gradients.
...Getting there, but not until we synthesize the motherboard too
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (7)
I have nothing more to add to this spot-on analysis.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (13)
Such experiments should be done outside of Earth at the same way, like the LHC experiments. This is natural consequence of precautionary principle and ethical imperative, too ("we shouldn't interfere the God's job"). I believe, this imperative is well reasoned at physical entropy level.
http://en.wikiped...rinciple
Such experiments could be done only when after we colonize the neighborhood of Earth - so we could escape to it at the case of outbreak.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (4)
go play videogame, you are adopted
May 21, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (5)
Of course its a lego. What more is life than unintentionaly put together lego? They understood all mechanisms neccesary for metabolism and reproduction of a living thing. That itslef is extraordinary. That DNA code was assembled from known pieces, did anyone expected anything else? You need peptides for cell function and those are coded by exact strand od GTCA letters. And they borrowed those receipts from another living things. So what?
Lego is one of the smartest toys ever, it teaches you that when you have piesec and understanding, you can create everything you can imagine.
And we as molecular automatons have now understanding of our own bulding blocks. That is just amazing.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (8)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 1.1 / 5 (7)
Fision energy is NOT safe, graffit reactors are not safe, more so if they are operated out of their limits by morons.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 3.5 / 5 (4)
it is silly to compare this things, if everybody thought like you we shoud have been in the stoneage, this isnt danger for no one, the knowledge from this brunch of sciense will help for lots of things, people like these move the progres forward and should be admired, not criticize.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 3.5 / 5 (4)
I bet the dogmatists are going mental. I look forward to the day that this technology becomes more advanced and common place. No more cleaning with harsh solvents and nasty chemicals. Just a spray bottle of Formula 409 bacterium and let sit over night. Truly epic. This will certainly have huge rammifications on how we view and interact with the world.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 1.5 / 5 (4)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4.5 / 5 (4)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
You're right. Life begins at the cellular level!
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
Too bad for Viruses.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (3)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (7)
We have trangenic pollen widespread already. As the result bees and bats are vanishing from pollen induced allergies and the superpests are spreading widelly.
http://www.guardi.../gm.food
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4.7 / 5 (3)
yeah and the pesticides are much more good solution,
millions of people are intocsikated, and 18,000 die every year, and this pesticides kills every animal in the field not only insects.No mater how you kill a pests it will evolve to survive, dont blame this tehnology to be bad, because its not
May 21, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (8)
http://www.popsci...s-fields
Due the retreat of pollinators many people can die from starvation. But there are another problems with GMO technologies because of their unpredictability:
Monsanto GM-corn harvest fails massively in South Africa
http://www.digita...e/270101
Just because you don't know about failures of this technology, it doesn't mean, it's good, because it isn't. My stance is based on knowledge, whereas your one on the belief.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (3)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
http://tinyurl.co...eticLife
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (3)
transgenic superpests- do you belive yourself, if the pests adapt to bt toxin another molekule will be discovered which will do the job
about weeds -roundup is used not only in gmos, I used it alot too
not every gmo crop is 100% succes but this doesnt meen we shouldnt develope them
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4.5 / 5 (2)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 4.8 / 5 (4)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 1.8 / 5 (6)
May 21, 2010
Rank: 2.6 / 5 (5)
http://math.ucr.e...pot.html
Thanks to whoever clued me into that score sheet, it makes it fun to try to determine a crackpot number score.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (6)
http://online.sfs...oax.html
These pesticides are used for many years, whereas bees and bat syndrome is synchronized with recent introduction of Bt-toxine doped corn on the market. I presume, it could involve lizards and frogs, too. All these species become endangered in very recent past.
May 21, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (6)
The replacement of all these varieties by single one is both unfeasible, both it could lead into global failure of pure plantation and subsequent famines at the case of outbreak of some common pest or fungi. There are many other connections, which are difficult to estimate for me by now - for example the fact, the yellow color of golden rice covers the content of many widespread mycotoxins (citreoviridin or luteoskyrin).
May 21, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (4)
http://www.hindaw...abs.html
This technology may prove interesting in such applications however the safety risks will not be truly mitigated until such time as accountability can be ensured and motivation is ethical. That time is not today.
As for me, I consider the human relationship to food to be one of evolved symbiosis, which places such crops well outside my palatability.
May 22, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
May 22, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
yes low but enough, stop with this conspiracy, things arent black and white , but the benefits are real, and the further developments of this tehnology will cope with the bad parts.
May 22, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
about the replasement of the varieties it is process all over the world and in cases where there is no gmo alternatives, and the good part is that with this tehnology you can create the plant with the features you want really fast, conventional crops are failing much more than gmo
May 22, 2010
Rank: 3.8 / 5 (4)
I think this is the first thing you've said that I've 5 ranked. You're absolutely correct, monoculture is the practice that leads to the most problems. GMO monoculture is even worse due to how many people trust it to work perfectly.
May 22, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
May 22, 2010
Rank: 3.4 / 5 (5)
The contemporary people are like walking lexicons full of information from schools, for example they learned "monoculture is bad". When they met with some information and they find it in their lexicon, they will accept it. If not, they will not think about it, but simply refute it as a whole.
For many people their thinking stopped at schools, when they memorized all their knowledge, which they living with. I admit, it's mainly a problem of educational system, who replaced learning of connections, i.e. the quality by quantity of informations.
May 22, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
As an avid urban farmer and I will gladly testify to the fact that monocultures are horribly destructive both agriculturally and ecologically, and pests love them. The reason for the latter is obvious. Insects can go from plant to plant lacking any interspaced planting to deter or halt their progress. Permaculture methods in practice have proven their ability to far exceed the fictitious yield improvements of genetic modification ( ttp://www.ucsusa.org/food_and_agriculture/science_and_impacts/science/failure-to-yield.html ).
May 22, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
Well you have that wrong.
See, your statement is congruent with fact in this case, and as such I see relevance to its restatement in a public forum. Typically I do not find this in your rather verbose commentary and as such, rank accordingly.
Now as for the statement that "monculture is bad", we know this to be true. We've known this since a brilliant man or woman, many thousands of years ago, developed the concept of crop rotation. Growing only a single crop in a single area, without a corresponding replenishing crop subsequently, will result in the destruction of otherwise arable land, and greatly reduce future sustainability.
May 22, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
I am from easterneurope, we are not so polite here:)
I chek this and actually there is golden rise 2, now this rise produse 37 micrograms per gram, and 144g per day will do the job, if they can increase the amount of vit A 24 times (compered with golden rise 1), this means they can do it again till it is enough, and no one says all the vit A necessary should come from this rise.
May 22, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
May 22, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (6)
http://www.i-sis....rice.php
No one is prohibited to buy it anyway, but the yellow color of golden rice covers the content of many widespread mycotoxins (citrinine, citreoviridine or luteoskyrin).
http://www.boxing...4841.php
Many cultures therefore base the quality of rice on its whiteness. In spite of the touted health benefits, due to the yellow coloring of golden rice, recipients may not be easily convinced that it is really healthier.
May 22, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
http://en.allexpe...rice.htm
I dont think this micotoxin is so big problem, and i dont think that the color does matter this is racism! (joke:)
and i dont think that these people are that stupid not to understand the benefits.
May 22, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
http://news.bbc.c...0442.stm
May 23, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
May 23, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Bingo, hence why I say the creationists must be going batshit, and from reading the comments, it appears they are.
May 23, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
1.)
I know that instantaneous adaptive amplification and instantaneous point mutation are independent mechanisms.
2.)
I am aware of the sheer volume of evidence for various environmental/nature-inducible instantaneous, continuous mutational mechanisms for ALL cells.
3.)
What is the difference between instantaneous continuous adaptive/point mutation and Mr. Venters' computer synthesis?
Yes, of course, Mr. Venters' (genome)assembly takes place literally manually - with respect to the purpose he has in mind. Isn't his mind Nature's product too? Who or what is in command here?
All cells are doing this (genome) assembly autonomously, constantly, continuously also - with respect to upholding metabolism adaptive to the cell's immediate survival and/or environmental/physical surroundings - Nature.
Who or what is in command here?
May 23, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
I will help you, this is not a question of inventing something new, the big accomplishment is to recriate DNA, it may seem not so big deal for you but this DNA includes millions(or maybe hundrethousand I dont know for shure) nucleotides, imagine how dificult it is to sintesize that, it is a tehnical breightrough...and this shows that life is after all the most complicated chemical reaction and nothing spiritual or conected with some energy that we are not aware of, this make some people angry.
May 23, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (3)
What you see here is the physical mechanics/building blocks etc.. needed for a human spirit to reside in.
The science is the physical biological part, the spirit unexplained nor provable through science for
it is not of a physical nature hence cannot be observed by physical means.
May 23, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (6)
1) The people would always try the test the more & more complex & dangerous experiments & technologies and no force could stop apish inquisitiveness of humans.
2) The risk of these technologies would increase the more, the more widespread they will become
As the result, the end of civilization caused by these experiments is undeniable - the only reason, why such thing didn't happen already is, we didn't check experiments involving avalanche-like propagation of their result, like formation of black hole in LHC or outbreak of some synthetic virus.
This is IMO why Bible warned us before eating of fruit of knowledge from "tree of life", i.e. genome - the memo of ancient civilizations is sufficiently explicit in this particular case.
The problem of virus technology is, some group of people would attempt to use it against rest of civilization under hope, they could survive such attack soon or later.
May 23, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (6)
May 23, 2010
Rank: 2.6 / 5 (5)
http://www.theage...044.html
It brings me the story of Einstein, who urged pres. Roosevelt for development of nuclear weapons...
May 23, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
You're pretty certain of this assertion. Well ok, but you're stating that you've observed it. If it cannot be observed through physical means, what is your evidence for even bringing it up, much less for saying you know anything about the subject?
This is the problem, you say no one can know, but then you immediately insist that YOU know. This is bearing false witness.
May 23, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
http://www.nature...422a.pdf
May 23, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
They started with 4 bottles of chemicals and built a chain of DNA and booted it up and it replicated. That's as raw as it gets, mechanically speaking. They didn't come up with the DNA sequence though (they did modify it). Perhaps that's what you mean? I would also like to see them create a new DNA sequence from scratch (both chemically and the code itself). But, they DID create the DNA from scratch and they made it "live". They took non-living material and gave it life. THAT is incredible!
May 23, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Not that incredible to someone who believes in magical incantations creating the world in 6 days.
May 24, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
Because of how you asses and understand life the evidence
i would present would not be testable, provable by physical means and that is the
only way you beleive something to exist or not. Not everything is physically testable, provable
however that does not mean that it does not exist and that is as far as i would go on this with you.
Because we know you would try and falsify it for it is not physically testable etc...
May 24, 2010
Rank: 1.5 / 5 (2)
Skeptic i enjoy reading the clarity you put into your comments on science itself but will not go and put what i beleive in front of you
for we see some things differently, hence what's the use arguing?
I am intelligent enough to understand that not everything is as it seems and that there is more
to life than what some of us think there is. Something unexplanable physically.
Obviously you are intelligent too,
but convinced yourself from an early age that if there's no physical evidence within human capabilities of testing and observing, it is not true and cannot exist.
May 24, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
However, when you say you KNOW something, that means you can prove it through demostrable evidence. If you believe in God, I have no problem with that. If you KNOW anything about God, you're lying unless you can produce demostrable evidence to show other what you KNOW.
You stated that you KNOW about the human spirit/physical body interaction.
Prove what you know, or recant and say you don't KNOW, but you believe.
Religion is belief. Science is knowledge. That is the difference.
May 24, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
But you didn't put what you believe in fornt of me, you claimed knowledge of the physical/spirit interaction.
If you have the knowledge you must be able to share it, otherwise you don't have knowledge, you have belief.
It's funny how when challenged you changed your stance from knowledge to belief, but I'm not concerned with belief. For example, I Know it is possible to travel forward in time, I do not believe it is possible to travel backwards in time and I don't KNOW if it's possible to travel backwards in time. Well "how do you know you can travel forwards in time?" You're doing it right now. Time is passing and you're still existing. You are traveling forward in time.
I can say I KNOW you can travel forwards in time because I can show you that it is true. Plus we have time dilation experiments that also show it to be true. That is evidence of knowledge, not belief.
May 24, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
May 24, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
May 24, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
I'd like to see you make anything out of nothing... There will always be "lego bricks" that form the basis of anything we ever build, even if those bricks are at the atomic scale, will you be happy then?
The proposition of making something from nothing is nonsensical, and thus your objections here are nonsensical.
May 24, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
http://www.genera...p-rights
May 25, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (3)
is incorrect, and if i reply to explain you would again misunderstand me, and that is most definately not an
insult. We just see some things differently.
The demonstratable evidence i have you would perceive as non-existant for one.
And i can guarentee that we would stretch this thread well over a few pages,
in which i do not have the time to dedicate to.
No matter how sophisticated one get's, words fail to describe some things,
It is within you to simply open a way of thinking, to
become aware of a different realization. Not to change your current realization,
just to add a realization, that went by unnoticed by yourself, or it could've been an extrinsic factor and is now unrecocnized.
It can be a sensitive matter, or not, either way i'm not the one to dive into it with you. Like i mentioned you know your science, you know it well. And that is good.
May 25, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
May 26, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
I can see that you are a super-literalist so I'll be more specific. When I say nothing, I don't literally mean non-matter, I mean the raw materials. All I am pointing out is that there is a big difference between putting a new engine in a 57' Chevy and taking a pile of raw ore and making an automobile. The cell is so much more complex than just RNA/DNA so I think my analogy is on.
Jun 01, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
They did make the DNA out of raw materials in this case. The "legos" are therefore chunks of data, not chunks of physical DNA. So it is indeed impossible to make something from nothing, even if you're not literal-minded.
BTW, argument by analogy is usually the least persuasive approach. Just ask Alizee/ZeroX.
Jun 01, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
Jun 09, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
"We can not go against nature, because man is a part of nature too." ~Love and Rockets