Why chimpanzees attack and kill each other
June 21, 2010
Common chimpanzee in the Leipzig Zoo. Image credit: Thomas Lersch, via Wikipedia.
Bands of chimpanzees violently kill individuals from neighboring groups in order to expand their own territory, according to a 10-year study of a chimp community in Uganda that provides the first definitive evidence for this long-suspected function of this behavior.
University of Michigan primate behavioral ecologist John Mitani's findings are published in the June 22 issue of Current Biology.
During a decade of study, the researchers witnessed 18 fatal attacks and found signs of three others perpetrated by members of a large community of about 150 chimps at Ngogo, Kibale National Park.
Then in the summer of 2009, the Ngogo chimpanzees began to use the area where two-thirds of these events occurred, expanding their territory by 22 percent. They traveled, socialized and fed on their favorite fruits in the new region.
"When they started to move into this area, it didn't take much time to realize that they had killed a lot of other chimpanzees there," Mitani said. "Our observations help to resolve long-standing questions about the function of lethal intergroup aggression in chimpanzees."
Mitani is the James N. Spuhler Collegiate Professor in the Department of Anthropology. His co-authors are David Watts, an anthropology professor at Yale University, and Sylvia Amsler, a lecturer in anthropology at the University of Arkansas at Little Rock. Amsler worked on this project as a graduate student at U-M.
Chimpanzees (along with bonobos) are humans' closest living relatives. Anthropologists have long known that they kill their neighbors, and they suspected that they did so to seize their land.
"Although some previous observations appear to support that hypothesis, until now, we have lacked clear-cut evidence," Mitani said.
The bouts occurred when the primates were on routine, stealth "boundary patrols" into neighboring territory. Amsler, who conducted field work on this project described one of the attacks she witnessed far to the northwest of the Ngogo territory. She and a colleague were following 27 adult and adolescent males and one adult female.
"They had been on patrol outside of their territory for more than two hours when they surprised a small group of females from the community to the northwest," Amsler said. "Almost immediately upon making contact, the adult males in the patrol party began attacking the unknown females, two of whom were carrying dependent infants."
The Ngogo patrollers seized and killed one of the infants fairly quickly. They fought for 30 minutes to wrestle the other from its mother, but unsuccessfully. The Ngogo chimpanzees then rested for an hour, holding the female and her infant captive. Then they resumed their attack.
"Though they were never successful in grabbing the infant from its mother, the infant was obviously very badly injured, and we don't believe it could have survived," Amsler said.
In most of the attacks in this study, chimpanzee infants were killed. Mitani believes this might be because infants are easier targets than adult chimpanzees.
Scientists are still not sure if the chimpanzees' ultimate motive is resources or mates. They haven't ruled out the possibility that the attacks could attract new females to the Ngogo community.
Mitani says these findings disprove suggestions that the aggression is due to human intervention. Lethal attacks were first described by renowned primatologist Jane Goodall who, along with other human observers, used food to gain the chimps' trust. Some researchers posited that feeding the animals might have affected their behavior. The Michigan researchers didn't use food.
He cautions against drawing any connections to human warfare and suggests instead that the findings could speak to the origins of teamwork.
"Warfare in the human sense occurs for lots of different reasons," Mitani said. "I'm just not convinced we're talking about the same thing.
"What we've done at the end of our paper is to turn the issue on its head by suggesting our results might provide some insight into why we as a species are so unusually cooperative. The lethal intergroup aggression that we have witnessed is cooperative in nature, insofar as it involves coalitions of males attacking others. In the process, our chimpanzees have acquired more land and resources that are then redistributed to others in the group."
The paper is titled "Lethal intergroup aggression leads to territorial expansion in wild chimpanzees." The research is funded by the Detroit Zoological Institute, the Little Rock Zoo, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation, the University of Michigan, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, and Yale University.
More information: Amsler et al.: “Lethal intergroup aggression leads to territorial expansion in wild chimpanzees.” Publishing in Current Biology 20, 12, June 22, 2010. http://www.current-biology.com
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Jun 21, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
Chimps, as well as humans, know that attack is the best defence. If conflict is inevitable then the best strategy is to attack the enemy when you are ready and he is not.
Angriff ist die beste Verteidigung.
Jun 21, 2010
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Jun 21, 2010
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Jun 21, 2010
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Jun 21, 2010
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You go first, I promise we'll follow.
Jun 21, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
I'd say it sounds identical to global politics.
Jun 21, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Agreed in general but the description of the chimps out on patrol and killing the rival "gang" members when they see them is literally identical.
Jun 21, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Thx
Pierluigi Rotundo
Jun 21, 2010
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Jun 21, 2010
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Jun 21, 2010
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Jun 21, 2010
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Jun 21, 2010
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Result- conflict, violence, war, revolution are INEVITABLE. Humans can negotiate delays, but that only makes eventual conflict WORSE.
Solution- they can accept Reality, embrace Inevitability, and begin to decide how best the can Manage it. This Conclusion was reached a few millenia ago; Empire is the Result.
Jun 21, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Jun 21, 2010
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One component of a cohesive political unit is the ability to expand this identity artificially over ever larger regions and peoples. Religion is an essential factor in this ability.
Jun 21, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (6)
Technological advances will alter this heuristic, however, in that ever smaller tribes are able to inflict ever greater harm on the opposition.
Why anyone thinks we're not just another primate is beyond me.
Jun 21, 2010
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Jun 21, 2010
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Jun 21, 2010
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Angriff ist die beste Verteidigung.
you sir..are no expert, your crude and faulse logic means nothing here, not a thing. all you "know it alls" should get into the fields of study,,,,,publish papers and so on...stop presenting your opinons as facts. for they are not
Jun 21, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
And by 'here' you mean the place where you haven't been to very often, and don't know very much about, and certainly don't own?
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
I am talking about societies where there is no some big populational growth, you said it youirself that this is the problem, when there is no such thing why to fight each other?And the populational growth is something that can be controlled, China is doing well for now, we are not so different from animals but still we are enough humans to cope with the problems in other ways....
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (1)
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 2.6 / 5 (5)
"You go first, I promise we'll follow."
Done!
Now it is your turn.
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (6)
Jun 22, 2010
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Right, because with no one tending our farmland the rest of you will starve to death all on your own. Don't worry, the GPS system will be completely out of sync in about 15 minutes so all that lovely technology you have will be worth nothing as well. Your economy will cease to be because, well, we buy everything.
In short, I laugh at you, heartily. Lose the concept of nationalism and grow up, one race, one society.
Jun 22, 2010
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Jun 22, 2010
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Jun 22, 2010
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Link to the most important site on the Internet:
http://www.johnst...dex.html
-where you can get an idea of the breathtaking scope of this Campaign, enabled mostly by the destruction of the obsolete cultures throughout the world which would have prevented it.
This, I would argue, is the most significant result of the world wars, which makes one wonder if this was the fundamental reason for their breadth and depth.
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
Cities are intrinsically unnatural environments where any adolescent group would want to develop it's own niche; either by leaving, or if this is not seen as possible, by carving out a new one for themselves where they are. As HYC pointed out above, they will have their own laws and will tend to feed on the outsiders around them.
Take heed! It is our childrens main purpose in life to replace us. Rette sich wer kann.
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (3)
Fine example of atheist technocracy!
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
Because China just screams technologically advanced to you, doesn't it.
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
http://www.johnst...4pd.html
-Note that China aborts roughly 31% of all new pregnancies, near the top of this list. Conclusion- China is gradually being allowed out from under Communist martial law because the ancient, repro-based cultures which would have prevented this sort of pop control have finally, after 100s of years of drugs, war, revolution, disease, and famine, been destroyed.
Note also that social and economic stability directly correlates with the % of abortions. Stability decreases as we travel down the list... and the countries which currently experience the most poverty, violence, and war are those which are not on the list at all.
We can hope for another solution; we can wish, we can pray as Djincs points out. But THIS is the only solution we currently have available, for the problem which presents itself NOW, until we can somehow alter human biology itself.
Jun 22, 2010
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Jun 22, 2010
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http://books.goog...Q6AEwBw#
-Although I recall an incident of cannibalism of a newborn by dominant females.
Jun 22, 2010
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Actually most social mammals will do this. It appears to be yet another part of our shared lineage.
Jun 22, 2010
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http://en.wikiped.../Gehenna
Jun 22, 2010
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-Of course its wrong. Of course its miserable. But its always been a part of the human condition. Today we do it prenatally. There will be a better solution- people who fully accept western culture learn to substitute other pursuits for raising large families. But presently this only works in conjunction with an aggressive family planning effort which includes abortion, which the Johnstons archive figures clearly demonstrate.
Our biology will have to change in fundamental ways- the urge to reproduce, the intellect to plan for the future and live within our means, the requirement that no child be subjected to damage either before or after birth and so have the chance to grow up happy and healthy and thereby end the cycle.
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
My post that read "I love the smell of bananas in the morning" (with apologies to "Apocalypse Now") got deleted by the moderator for being "OFF TOPIC", while a gem like "Rectification: only the americans need to kill themselves" was preserved for posterity.
Please rate this a 1 if I'm being a crybaby or a 5 if the moderator should be more consistent in his/her efforts.
P.S. Moderator, please don't ban me, I love Physorg :)
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Jun 22, 2010
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Jun 22, 2010
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Parenting is the only profession, arguably the most important one, which does not require any special qualification or education. People used to grow up in large extended families, and received lots of on-the-job experience. Those situations occur now in western cultures largely in the school system.
Jun 22, 2010
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Draconian you say? Any woman who would insist on the kind of freedom which would enable her to damage another human being for life, should not be allowed to bear children. Period. We accept this kind of restriction routinely among adults, less so between child and parent, and rarely if at all between a mother and their unborn child.
We will soon have the technology to make monitoring possible. All we will need are the laws to enforce it and the resolve to see it done.
Jun 22, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
Well that steps back into my statement of Chinese style legal restriction.
Jun 23, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
That was OFF TOPIC. So off with your head.
So is this post.
Whereas the Imoderators are never off topic since they NEVER explain just what amazingly bizarre excuse for logic caused them to act as they do.
Heck they don't even try to make sense.
My best guess is that one idiot with a Phd. wanders around and rolls a 20 sided die. Posts that make their saving throw are retained. Despite the claims on the site that they are British they act just as rational as the guys at a Dungeons and Beavers get together at Cal Tech. Thus I suspect that they really aren't British.
They definitely are neither consistent nor rational.
Even some my complaints about the lousy way they handle things stay and others disappear.
Ethelred
Jun 23, 2010
Rank: 3.8 / 5 (4)
Jun 24, 2010
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I don't mind the YEC posts IF the poster wants to engage in REAL debate. Hit and run posts like Mabarker and some others engage in are intellectually dishonest and cowardly which annoys me. Constant evasion like Marjon does has reached the point that I wouldn't mind seeing him go away.
An honest debate with him would be a vast improvement.
Ethelred
Jun 24, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Jun 24, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
Ignorance is curable.
I am not claiming that I have made realists out of believers. However I have convinced at least a few that maybe they don't know everything because the Bible told them so.
Patience and self-control are needed to get anywhere in such a discussion. Even with that far more scarper off then actually begin to think.
Ethelred
Jun 24, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Jun 26, 2010
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Did they really expect them to kill them any other way?
The word "Violently" was superfluous.
Incidentally, how did the foregoing posts drift so far from the topic?
Should there not be some relevance?
Jun 26, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Or maybe it was authorial overkill with extreme prejudice.
You aren't from around here are you?
Ethelred
Jun 26, 2010
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Jun 27, 2010
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For a male chimp to join a foreign group it will be inpossible.A fimale to flip it is more possible but still it will be hard.
They havent the rape instinct like humans do(I think).
the only possibility is if fimale meet male from different groups, if they are alone they could turn the aggresion into something more creative....
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (2)
Male chimps will attack their enemys camp, kill or drive off the males, and take the females. Just like Joshua.
"having meanwhile driven away the two other Kahama males and, with threats, forced the young Kahama female to join their party."
"The assault on Madam Bee, incidentally, was watched by the adolescent Goblin and four Kasekela females, including Little Bee, who had become associated with Kasekela by then. Four months after Madam Bee was killed, her younger daughter, Honey flee, also transferred to Kasekela.
Horrifying as these events were, the most difficult aspect to accept was not the physical unpleasantness but the fact that the attackers knew their victims so well. They had been close companions before the community split."
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
http://www.washin...ales.htm
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (2)
Jun 28, 2010
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What, exactly, do you dislike about the above post? I thought I was being accurate in responding to djinn's question with a factual reference. Did you visit the source? Did you understand I was talking about chimps and not humans (except mostly)? Really, your silent derision is maddening. This is after all a discussion forum. Debate me! Respond in words- I know you know some-
Jun 28, 2010
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Ethelred
Jun 28, 2010
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Jun 28, 2010
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Not hard for the females. Chimp bands are made up of brothers but NOT sisters. The females leave the band they were born in to join others.
Ethelred
Jun 28, 2010
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Jun 28, 2010
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While I accept that certain people are fascinated by violence I never tolerate the turning of fascination into worshipping violence by enjoying violence. Scorning victims is a symptom of enjoying violence.
Otto1923 knows quite well that this is not the case.
Jun 28, 2010
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Keep in mind that the adult female chimp is not surrounded by sisters and therefor any alliances are based on need, not family as the case for the males.
Ethelred
Jun 28, 2010
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You want to say that they are able to feel "gladness", but not able to feel "sorrow" and "fear"?
Jun 28, 2010
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Females of many species (including ours) will induce competition to discern which males are more worthy contributers to the next generation. I suppose finding out would make females 'glad' and also imbue them with a certain sense of detachment and aloofness.
Frajo discerns otto to be a barbarian, only because he is willing to acknowledge that barbarity can be as useful as it is inevitable.
What would you do frajo if your children were starving or your back was against the wall? Fight like a barbarian, I wager.Can you see how your emotions cloud your cognition? If you had read the article you would have discerned much sorrow and fear, and pragmatism, in the lives of those chimps.
Jun 28, 2010
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Its no wonder humans are naturally born prematurely, painfully, their heads continuing to grow after birth... The human brain is far too large, too delicate, to energy-hungry to be considered 'natural'. A million years of forced evolution fueled by competition among equals. No wonder its so popular today.
Jun 29, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
http://en.wikiped...syndrome
Excuse me but just where the hell did I say anything like that? You seem to have personal issues on this that is causing you to impugn motives that you don't like for the writings of me and Otto.
Ethelred
Jun 29, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
We are being DOMESTICATED, our animal natures being deliberately bred out of us, a concerted effort which has spanned millenia.
Who or what could be capable of such an enduring Campaign? Certainly not GOD, as had always been assumed; though its religions have until recently been our primary Shepherds.
We know now Providence cannot be the hand of god, and yet Providence persists. We can watch it at Work.