Scientific expertise lacking among 'doubters' of climate change, says Stanford-led analysis
June 25, 2010The small number of scientists who are unconvinced that human beings have contributed significantly to climate change have far less expertise and prominence in climate research compared with scientists who are convinced, according to a study led by Stanford researchers.
In a quantitative assessment - the first of its kind to address this issue - the team analyzed the number of research papers published by more than 900 climate researchers and the number of times their work was cited by other scientists.
"These are standard academic metrics used when universities are making hiring or tenure decisions," said William Anderegg, lead author of a paper published in the online Early Edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences this week.
Expertise was evaluated by the number of papers on climate research written by each individual, with a minimum of 20 required to be included in the analysis. Climate researchers who are convinced of human-caused climate change had on average about twice as many publications as the unconvinced, said Anderegg, a doctoral candidate in biology.
Prominence was assessed by taking the four most frequently cited papers published in any field by each scientist - not just climate science publications - and tallying the number of times those papers were cited by other researchers. Papers by climate researchers convinced of human effects were cited approximately 64 percent more often than papers by the unconvinced.
The scientists whose work was analyzed included all the researchers involved in producing the 2007 report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change working group that assessed the evidence for and against human involvement in climate change, as well as any climate researchers who signed a major public statement disagreeing with the findings of the panel's report.
The top 100
The Stanford team also determined the top 100 climate researchers, based on the total number of climate related publications each had, which produced an even more telling result, Anderegg said.
"When you look at the leading scientists who have made any sort of statement about anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change, you find 97 percent of those top 100 surveyed scientists explicitly agreeing with or endorsing the IPCC's assessment," he said. That result has been borne out by several other published studies that used different methodology, as well as some that are due out later this summer, he said.
"We really wanted to bring the expertise dimension into this whole discussion," Anderegg said. "We hope to put to rest the notion that keeps being repeated in the media and by some members of the public that 'the scientists disagree' about whether human activity is contributing to climate change."
"I never object to quoting opinions that are 'way out.' I think there is nothing wrong with that," said Stephen Schneider, professor of biology and a coauthor of the paper in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "But if the media doesn't report that something is a 'way out' opinion relative to the mainstream, then how is the average person going to know the relative credibility of what is being said?"
"It is sad that we even have to do this," said Schneider. "[Too much of] the media world has just folded up and fired its reporters with expertise in science."
The Stanford team is prepared for the doubters of anthropogenic climate change to object to their data.
"I think the most typical criticism of a paper like this - not necessarily in academic discourse, but in the broader context - is going to be that we haven't addressed if these sorts of differences could be due to some sort of clique or, at the extreme, a conspiracy of the researchers who are convinced of climate change," Anderegg said.
"When you stop to consider whether some sort of 'group think' really drives these patterns and could it really exist in science in general, the idea is really pretty laughable," he said. "All of the incentives in science are exactly the opposite.
"If you were a young researcher and had the data to overturn any of the mainstream paradigms, or what the IPCC has done, you would become absolutely famous," he said. "Everyone wants to be the next Darwin, everyone wants to be the next Einstein."
Schneider said that the team took pains to avoid any sort of prejudice or skewed data in their analysis. In selecting which of the researchers who signed petitions or statements disagreeing with the findings of the IPCC to include in the study, they omitted those who had no published papers in the climate literature.
"We only picked those who had at least some credentials in climate. So we went way beyond neutral, in their direction, bending over backward," Schneider said. "The doubters of anthropogenic climate change will claim foul anyway.
"They can say that climate researchers convinced of anthropogenic climate change are just trying to deny publication of the doubters' opinion, but let them go out and do a study to prove it," he said. "It is of course not true."
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Jun 25, 2010
Rank: 1.6 / 5 (14)
Jun 25, 2010
Rank: 3.9 / 5 (14)
If you have something to say, then say it- why are you wasting everyone's time with a lame ad hominem? Is it because his conclusions are supported by rigorous science, that refutes your position, and you are unable to find any fault in them?
Jun 25, 2010
Rank: 4.7 / 5 (12)
This is a very important concept, that people who claim conspiracies just don't seem to get. In science, going with the flow is the *worst* thing you can do. In science, you get the best results by coming up with a new theory; the second-best by refuting an existing theory; and distant third by supporting an existing theory. So new young bucks coming into the system will be looking for something to kill, and will NOT be interesting in joining a conspiracy.
Jun 25, 2010
Rank: 3.2 / 5 (12)
"The small number of scientists who are unconvinced that human beings have contributed significantly to climate change have far less expertise and prominence in climate research compared with scientists who are convinced"
-Point of order, that doesn't necessarily mean they're wrong. You know.
Jun 25, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (8)
-Or suffer harassment and rejection like poor pons and fleischman.
Jun 25, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (15)
Never think of conspiracy where plain incompetence would do.
Your assumption that GW theory is a science is wrong to begin with. It is "soft" science, at best. Soft sciences are magnets of all kind of charlatans and rejects that failed to succeed in fundamental fields.
The motivation to kill is still there, however, the rules of the game are much fuzzier. Due to sheer complexity of the problem one have to make a lot of assumptions. A paper going against the flow would be simply teared down by reviewers emphasizing weak assumptions.
Jun 25, 2010
Rank: 3.8 / 5 (13)
Very true. Obviously true of you, and exactly the author's point.
Your inability to correctly differentiate "GW theory" and the SCIENCE of Climatology disqualifies you from rendering judgement.
No, it would fail the review process if it wasn't rigorous research, internally logical and cosistent, the conclusions of which were supported by the data.
Jun 26, 2010
Rank: 4.4 / 5 (11)
Big surprise. Not.
Jun 26, 2010
Rank: 1.8 / 5 (10)
1. What character and intellect drives one to pursue a career in politics, and what proportion of politicians have this character and intellect?
2. The precision of a process is related to the precision of its input data. What are the precisions of the several most notable data sources in climate science wrt AGW and what precision is necessary to make a point about AGW?
3. If the government tries to enforce laws to curb carbon production, how effective will it be, how much will it hurt the economy, and will it set a very bad precedent?
4. Are there any ulterior motives of countries that back the IPCC? If yes, how notable are those ulterior motives?
I'm going to make a prediction that this post, which consists entirely of valid pertinent questions, will be rated poorly by at least one ignoramus.
Jun 26, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (4)
If AGW will, as is claimed, continue to get worse, how irreversible is it when we all begin to realize its consequences? Specifically, imagine governments finally and successfully enforcing laws to curb carbon production; how quickly will the climate be repaired?
Jun 26, 2010
Rank: 2.8 / 5 (9)
Is Freeman Dyson a "lightweight" whose views can therefore be dismissed?
How many other scientific beliefs, once supported by the majority of scientific experts, were later found to be otherwise?
The earth has previously gone through climate changes that were not caused by humans and that were much more extreme than the changes that it may be going through now, e.g., the ice ages. Even if climate change is happening, how do we know that human activity is the cause?
Jun 26, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (9)
So for those of you who have no idea about science in general and climate science in particular you'd better bet your money on the experts.
Economic motives? Hardly. since if we agree that man made global warming is real (and must be combatted in some way) then this will cost a lot of money.
However, I would suppose there is an idealistic ulterior motive: survival of the human species.
Jun 26, 2010
Rank: 3.1 / 5 (7)
That is a good question, fleem, but unfortunately, for all the obvious reasons, it is difficult to answer.
Much like in the case of finding a hit-and-run victim bleeding in the gutter- there is little doubt that he was struck, but at what rate of speed? Did the victim sustain injury? How severe is it? Is he gonna make it?
Jun 26, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (9)
Jun 26, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (9)
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (8)
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (6)
What makes science great is that consensus can be killed by those few who are not convinced.
If the star ratings here are any indication, people are more worried about what others think of them instead being right.
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (10)
Very true - BUT those few need to show their data. Just doubting stuff or formulating an alternative hypothesis isn't enough.
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (8)
How do they show their data if the 'peer' reviewed journals won't publish their results?
It would be interesting to see all the climate science papers that were rejected.
Any web sites out their where these papers can be posted?
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (6)
“A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it”, Max Planck
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (6)
You can still go to conferences to present papers that don't make it into journals. Acceptance rates at conferences in my area of expertise range between 30 and 60 percent, so if your paper is rigorous then it's not hard to get in - even if it is controversial.
Even if you don't get in then you still might get in at the poster presentation (which has even more lenient admission standards).
All presented papers (at least those given as oral presentation) are published in the conference proceedings.
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 2.6 / 5 (5)
Conference proceedings are usually not available to the public. If they are anything like SPIE conferences, they can be rather light, (no pun intended).
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (6)
Such articles never start from the beginning but require a lot of previous knowledge about the field in question (and a lot of articles today require an in depth knowledge of statistics - and its pitfalls - to interpret correctly...something most scientists don't even have.)
That said if you really want the papers then you usually find them somewhere on the web - either on the author's website or by some 'creative' use of google scholar.
Lastly, if you really can't find it anywhere, then ask the author nicely and they will usually give you a drawft copy.
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (9)
Who but the creators of the global climate models have the ability to review the algorithms and validate the data?
I may begin to trust the data if the 'solutions' proposed by the 'science' community don't involve more government control of the worlds' economies.
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 3.9 / 5 (7)
They will provide them when they publish (and the data from many global data gathering systems are publicly available if you google for "public climate data")
Certainly they won't provide them to every Tom, Dick and Harry who thinks he's a self-styled climatologist because he's watched a weather report on FOX. If you're researching stuff and generating data then it's not a pretty picture if some chinese think-tank comes along and syphons off all your effort just to have it published by them. But the raw data on meteorology or seismology or similar is usually pretty easily obtained.
Creators of competing systems have that ability. That is who reviews this stuff when they go to publication.
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
We live in a world of 6.8 billion opinions of which a small handful actually have an understanding of what is likely to be 'real'. I wonder how many opinion holders have performed their own tests to validate their hypothesis or at least read other people published works, including the squiggly lines that make no sense to 99.99% of everyone?
Jun 27, 2010
Rank: 2.1 / 5 (7)
"The Journal Climate" was formed by (government funded insider) research scientists, first published in 1988, 2 years before the US general election in 2000. "The Journal Weather, Climate and Society" was formed in 2009 preceding Copenhagen II.
Stanford's academic analysis is a disservice to Science, misses the bias inherit in political funding and institutional politics. The IPCC revelations,$90 B in US Funds, and doubts raised by climate researchers not equally endowed to pay for publications are enough reasons to demand a Special Prosecutor Investigate US government funded climate research, research grants, and journal boards.
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 1.8 / 5 (5)
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (6)
Same reason why a court of law is required to declare that Waterboarding is torture- as opposed to mere "incentive breathing therapy".
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 1.8 / 5 (5)
What does water boarding have to do with science?
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (6)
Yes, I agree, it all as to do with politics, not science.
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 3.9 / 5 (7)
An interesting choice of quotes since another of the details in the study was that the doubters in the field *tend to be older* than the non-doubters.
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (8)
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 3.3 / 5 (7)
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 3.5 / 5 (8)
Jun 28, 2010
Rank: 2.6 / 5 (10)
With private funding, the incentives are known. The incentives given for government funding are mostly lies. The real motive for AGW funding is to acquire more power for the state, not to 'save the planet' which 'useful idiots' parrot.
Jun 29, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (8)
Some of the citation tallies are years out of date and the paper's authors have systematically downgraded the number of publications of some sceptics.
Science truth has little or nothing to do with level of qualifications of those who carry out the science, provided they are conversant in the field
[and this is not necessarily an absolute requirement].
Science by conscenus is pseudo-science. Papers like this should be condemed by those who believe in and who wish to defend the Scientific Principle.
Jun 29, 2010
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (5)
You are trying to have it both ways - 'old guard' dying off so a new idea can be finally be accepted and 'age and experience' over youth.
So which is it?
Jun 29, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Jun 29, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
Well, don't keep us in suspense....who, exactly?
What are their positions on AGW?
Jun 29, 2010
Rank: 2.7 / 5 (7)
Planck's quote was meant to suggest that once some people get an idea into their head, it is very difficult to change. The AGCC scam has been in the works since the early 70s.
Regardless, science is about what can be validated with experiments, not how many believe in the model.
What are the uncertainties in the climate model?
Jun 30, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
But if it isn't then may I suggest on getting a university undergraduate level textbook on atmospheric physics. It doesn't matter which, they're all good and all provide a similar background you'll need to be upto speed with if you're going to evaluate scientific papers. And deniers do not write texts as yet - I guess university students are not their target audience, but rather they target those who refuse to provide themselves with available background information, experiments and data.
But, if you truly believe then I am hoping I may be able to convince you of putting your finger in front of a CO2 laser in front of a TV camera and when it fails to remove your finger you would have debunked AGCC at it's very source by proving conclusively that CO2 molecules are not IR active. What do you say?
I've offered elsewhere but take up for far has been zero.
http://galahs.blo...ser.html
Jun 30, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (3)
Which is one reason why I question the ability of 350ppm CO2 to absorb enough solar energy to cause global climate change.
Especially when the only way the climate models can work is when CO2 is pegged as the cause. That suggests to me the model is incomplete and subject to great uncertainties.
Jun 30, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Is that so? I remember from a previous post that you claim to be a diver by trade.
Interesting.
Jun 30, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Ever hear of sport diving, aka SCUBA?
Jun 30, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
So which is it then- professional diver by trade, or sport diving enthusiast -in addition to your expertise in IR systems/CO2 interactions research?
Jun 30, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Why do you care?
Jun 30, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Who told you that I did?
Jun 30, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Why did you ask?
Jun 30, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (4)
Since 1/2010, climate research scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Labs are able to model one-cubic-Kilometer of the atomsphere.
Dr. Jones, IPCC, answers now suggest that the "Hockey Stick" is at best a hypothetical. Since the IPCC database of the original observatory and World temperature database are now reported lost by Dr. Jones, IPCC experiments are not reproducible.
Question: Should the revelations invalidate a small, yet potentially growing, number of the publications cited by Dr. Anderegg and colleagues, will the retraction appear in Science, Nature, or the Examiner?
Jul 01, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Why did you ask if I ever heard of SCUBA?
Jul 01, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
How well does that model match all atmospheres?
Jul 01, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
We will have Saved the Earth from AGWCC before such an accurate Climate model has your Answer. Massively parallel computers of the future will need to be (2**30) faster.
Jul 01, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
@AI777,
So you're saying that, in order to be accurately computed, scientists would have to model the entire 4.2 billion cubic kilometers of earth's atmosphere at a resolution of 1k^3?
Jul 02, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
No, but will policymakers demand more accuracy from future climate models? Will more advanced models include ocean circulation and salinity, the biosphere and carbon sinks, crustal subduction and subsea volcanoes, or world demographics and human population energy demands.