Maslow's pyramid gets a much needed renovation
August 19, 2010
This is Maslow's pyramid of needs. Credit: Doug Kenrick, Arizona State University
If you have ever felt that your children are your life's work, then you may in fact be recognizing a high-level psychological need. Caring for your children, feeding them, nurturing them, educating them and making sure they get off on the right foot in life - all of the things that make parenting successful - may actually be deep rooted psychological urges that we fulfill as part of being human.
This is according to a team of psychologists who have updated a cornerstone of modern psychology - Abraham Maslow's pyramid of needs. Maslow's pyramid describes human motivations from the most basic to the most advanced. But Maslow's time tested pyramid, first proposed in the 1940s, had begun to look a bit weathered and outdated.
So a team of psychologists, including two from Arizona State University, recast the pyramid. In doing so, they have taken on one of psychology's iconic symbols and have generated some controversy along the way.
The revamp of Maslow's pyramid reflects new findings and theory from fields like neuroscience, developmental psychology and evolutionary psychology, said Douglas Kenrick, an ASU professor of psychology and lead author of the paper, "Renovating the pyramid of needs: Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations." The paper was published in the March issue of Perspectives on Psychological Sciences.
Despite being one of psychology's most memorable images, Maslow's pyramid hasn't always been supported by empirical research, said Steven Neuberg, an ASU Foundation professor and coauthor of the paper.
"Within the psychological sciences, the pyramid was increasingly viewed as quaint and old fashioned, and badly in need of updating," Neuberg added.
"It was based on some great ideas, several of which are worth preserving," Kenrick said. "But it missed out on some very basic facts about human nature, facts which weren't well understood in Maslow's time, but were established by later research and theory at the interface of psychology, biology and anthropology."
Maslow developed the pyramid of needs to represent a hierarchy of human motives, with those at the bottom taking precedence over those higher up. At the base of Maslow's pyramid are physiological needs - hunger, thirst and sexual desire.
This is the revised version of Maslow's pyramid of needs. Credit: Doug Kenrick, Arizona State University
According to Maslow, if you are starving and craving food that will trump all other goals. But if you are satisfied on one level, you move to the next. So, once you are well fed, you worry about safety. Once you are safe, you worry about affection and esteem and so forth. Perhaps most famously, at the top of Maslow's pyramid sat the need for self-actualization - the desire to fulfill one's own unique creative potential.
The research team - which included Vladas Griskevicius of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and Mark Schaller of the University of British Columbia, Vancouver - restructured the famous pyramid after observing how psychological processes radically change in response to evolutionarily fundamental motives, such as self-protection, mating or status concerns.
The bottom four levels of the new pyramid are highly compatible with Maslow's, but big changes are at the top. Perhaps the most controversial modification is that self-actualization no longer appears on the pyramid at all. At the top of the new pyramid are three evolutionarily critical motives that Maslow overlooked - mate acquisition, mate retention and parenting.
The researchers state in the article that while self-actualization is interesting and important, it isn't an evolutionarily fundamental need. Instead, many of the activities that Maslow labeled as self-actualizing (artistic creativity, for example) reflect more biologically basic drives to gain status, which in turn serves the goal of attracting mates.
"Among human aspirations that are most biologically fundamental are those that ultimately facilitate reproduction of our genes in our children's children," Kenrick explained. "For that reason, parenting is paramount."
The researchers are not saying that artists or poets are consciously thinking about increasing their reproductive success when they feel the inspiration to paint or write.
"Reproductive goals are ultimate causes," Kenrick added, "like the desire of birds to migrate because it helps them survive and reproduce. But at a proximate (or immediate psychological) level, the bird migrates because its brain registers that the length of day is changing. In our minds, we humans create simply because it feels good to us; we're not aware of its ultimate function."
"You could argue that a peacock's display is as beautiful as anything any human artist has ever produced," Kenrick said. "Yet it has a clear biological function - to attract a mate. We suspect that self actualization is also simply an expression of the more evolutionarily fundamental need to reproduce."
But, Kenrick adds, for humans reproduction is not just about sex and producing children. It's also about raising those children to the age at which they can reproduce as well. Consequently, parenting sits atop the revamped pyramid.
There are other distinctions as well. For Maslow, once a need was met, it disappeared as the individual moved on to the next level. In the reworked pyramid, needs overlap one another and coexist, instead of completely replacing each other. For example, certain environmental cues can make them come back. If you are walking down the street thinking about love, art or the meaning of life, you will revert quickly to the self-protection level if you see an ominous-looking gang of young men headed your way.
The new pyramid already has generated some controversy within the field. The published article was accompanied by four commentaries. While the commentaries agreed with the basic evolutionary premise of the new pyramid, they take issue with some of the specific details, including the removal of self-actualization and the prominence of parenting in the new pyramid.
"The pyramid of needs is a wonderful idea of Maslow's," Kenrick said. "He just got some of it wrong. Now people are talking about it again, which will help us get it right."
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Aug 19, 2010
Rank: 3.3 / 5 (7)
I see loads of assertations that the pyramid is at odds with new empirical data, but no reference to what that data might be. What IS presented as inconsistent with Maslow's heirarchy is new INTERPRETATION, new inference, and the authors' positions on matters of opinion.
In reality is that nothing much has changed in the hierarchy but the top stratum, in which self-actualization, long-identified as a "leftist" value, has been replaced by a "focus on family," currently claimed as a "rightist" value.
These new top-strata are identified by the authors as biologically fundamental. If they are fundamental, they do NOT equate with higher-order needs. Seemingly the authors have entirely missed the point of the hierarchy.
They also use several "straw-man" arguments, but space is limited here.
In summary, this is NOT a revision of Maslow, it is a COMPETING hierarchy from a biological reductionist position. Maslow's hierarchy remains relevant and useful.
Aug 19, 2010
Rank: 3.4 / 5 (5)
I think it's disingenuous to possibly believe people as a whole are so easy to classify. If we were this simplistic we would be far easier to control.
Aug 19, 2010
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (5)
Aug 19, 2010
Rank: 2.1 / 5 (10)
Maybe they somehow know their genes should not be passed on.
Aug 19, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (3)
Your point is that people have a tendency to collect in groups and create conflict with other groups. Right becomes left and left becomes right, but still both exist. The content doesn't matter, it's the conflict that's appealing.
Why can't we get away from that as a species?
Aug 19, 2010
Rank: 1.7 / 5 (3)
Aug 19, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
If there are no challenges, living things don't grow.
Aug 19, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
There is however biasing in the trait naming. For example I would have used "partner" instead of mate since these relationships don't have to be sexual. In fact it does not deal with asexual people which are actually surprisingly common. That boring single uncle that's always hanging around bugging the kids.
I would also break apart parenting to nurturing and self actualization. That asexual uncle is bugging the nieces and nephews because he is driven to nurture, even if it comes out clumsily. Hopefully he also takes the time to nurture himself to realize his own personal growth instead of strictly vicariously through others.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
To propose that mating and parenting are sufficient to replace “self actualization” as the nadir of a human being’s life is to belittle what it means to be human and sideline the value of human creations not born of the womb. I.e. an individual’s “seed” can take a number of forms: an idea, a work of art, a building or structure, a government.
I’d go so far as to say this paper is rubbish. It is not a revision of Maslow’s model; rather, it is a myopic academic exercise written within the narrow confines of classical evolutionary metrics of success and biological reductionism (5-star comment, ramswrsw).
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
At first sight, having family and children at the top seems to be an artefact of our contemporary values, but the more one thinks about the issues and the logic, the clearer it becomes that this new pyramid is a vast improvement over the old one.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 1.4 / 5 (9)
Note the order - God FIRST, then your fellow beings and then concurrently with that, yourself. People today are putting themselves first and completely ignoring God - and paying the consequences of harm to themselves and their fellow humans.
God further instilled the following in the human psyche:
Be fruitful - hence they have to procreate and take care of the kids. This was something the bible said long ago - atheistic science is only waking up to it now - shame.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (4)
We have to be aware of the fact that noteworthy conflicts between groups of humans entered evolution with an event which took place just 10000 years ago, the Neolithic Revolution. Life in settlements was the starting point of an explosive population increase and violent conflicts between settlers and non-settlers were an inevitable byproduct.
Compare that short lapse to the millions of years mankind needed to develop tools and language.
We can be proud if it will take us only another 1000 years to abolish violent conflicts. But the best of us are working at it. Already since several millennia.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 4.8 / 5 (8)
This is something that existence stated far before religion was even a concept. Procreation is the survival of the species. We are hardwired to procreate, this aspect doesn't belong to god, religion, or anything other than life.
Kev, I don't care what your beliefs are as long as you don't prosetlyze or attempt to instill your morality on others. In short, cut it out.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (4)
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 4.7 / 5 (6)
"I don't teach evolution in your church so don't teach creationism in mine."
Kev is often assaulted with anti-religious rhetoric, as well as marjon and a few others because they case the first stone.
They comment on a site that contains scholarly articles on evolution and cosmology with assinine commentary about God's works. If the site isn't to their liking and they find the content offensive, might I suggest they move on to other sites that may be more appealing to them, like Templetonfoundation.org, or Foxnews.com
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (3)
I don't know the percentage, but a significant number of religious people agree with evolution.
But many here do attack religion, but support other human organizations they can't justify scientifically, like a socialist state. How rational?
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (1)
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
I don't teach creationism but I will defend the rights of scientists to pursue that theory. Instead of allowing these scientists to pursue such research, their 'peers' conduct heresy trials and kick them out of the club.
I thought science was supposed to be investigating the unknown regardless of where it leads?
BTW, it is the atheists here that have provided the most Bible quotes and references.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
I think it incredibly egotistical for man, through religion, to assume to define the parameters by which God creates, or to attempt to limit the human potential.
I believe that we modern humans are provided with a mind that far exceeds that required simply by evolution - for a purpose. We should apply this gift to be best of our ability to learn about ourselves and the universe around us. To not do so would be to waste what we have been given. If there is any sin, it would be to deny our mental capacity for discovery and growth, or to deny it for others.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (2)
There's a reason why they're no longer called scientists, they're no longer performing science.
That's the motto of ghost hunters, not scientists. In response to your ignorance of your own doctrine and dogma. There's a reason for that too. We reject things only after we've educated ourselves. In short, some of us actually go and read the Bible before we decide to not accept it.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (4)
Then science will NEVER discover anything new.
Ghost hunters are doing what scientists should be doing, but are too afraid to do for their careers.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (1)
And this is where the rational discussion ends. Goodnight.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
http://www.des.em...syn.html
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
So would you be OK with the Taliban teaching their version of Islam to Afghan citizens? Would you defend the rights of Taliban scientists to pursue (and spread) their theory?
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
If such theory does not violate the rights of others. As the Koran is a constitution and Islamic law does not respect individual rights, I don't support that theory if backed by the coercive force of a state.
How is a scientist who wants to pursue ID violating the rights of anyone?
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
OK, replace the Taliban with Al Qaeda. What say you?
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
What is the difference?
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Not state supported.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Of course they are, and they support violating rights.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
How does a scientist who is pursuing ID violate anyone's rights? He is subjected to ridicule by his peers, but why?
Do his peers fear the possibility he may discover their is a higher intelligence?
Is that why scientists don't want to seriously investigate claims of ghosts? If they find ghosts exists the raises some uncomfortable questions that most atheists don't want to answer.
But there are some physics based answers: string theory, multiple dimensions, etc.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 4.5 / 5 (2)
But whose rights? In their world, women have no rights. They're merely property. They see no human rights violations in their philosophy.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
That is a problem for moral relativists, not for those who support the idea that human rights are inherent and unalienable.
Aug 20, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (2)
That's the scary thing, you don't even recognize the hypocrisy of the far right.
Aug 21, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Thanks! in advanced! It is great to know, that no one is at a loss here! :) (O.k., loss of words, to be exact).
http://bodyodd.ms...its-true
Prahlad Jani, an 82-year-old Indian yogi, is making headlines by claims that for the past 70 years he has had nothing -- not one calorie -- to eat and not one drop of liquid to drink. To test his claims, Indian military doctors put him under round-the-clock observation during a two-week hospital stay that ended last week, news reports say. During that time he didn't ingest any food or water – and remained perfectly healthy, the researchers said.
:)
Aug 21, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
How can man take away what God has given?
Aug 21, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (4)
Proved scam, there has never been 'round the clock surveilance proving that this man is capable of doing this. Sudhir V. Shah, was the doctor who performed the "medical study" which included over 8 hours of alone time for the "Yogi" during which time no one was
Aug 21, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
Aug 21, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (4)
To claim that feats of human endeavor such as sending spacecraft beyond the limits of the solar system, Godel's incompleteness theorem, or even the invention of the contraceptive pill (just to name a few) are merely driven by the motivation to find a mate or parenting, is more than a bit of a stretching. The authors, it seems, were blinded by a too narrow conception of evolution.
They not explain significant intellectual achievements made by individuals that did not show in their lives any interest in mating, parenting or even achieving status and esteem from their peers. This fact alone implies the existence of motive(s) that are missing from the new model.
Aug 22, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
In the context of the transmission of their genes, these individuals were failures. The new pyramid is founded on evolution, such behaviour is anomalous from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. These individuals would likely be considered mentally disordered.
If it were up to me, it would be one big triangle with "Whatever the hell you want" written on it, because that's ultimately what people search for. Of course, our desires are usually weighed against each other. If someone said that they wanted to die, but they didn't kill themselves afterwards, it means they didn't want it (and all it entails) enough compared to the alternative (continuing life).
Aug 23, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (5)
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (5)
Do you actually have ANY kind of point with these nonsense posts? Your page is pure nonsense words and it too has no discernible point. You have been banned once already for spamming the site. Please go away or make some sense.
Or at least be funny. Oingy Boingy on the Comport was funny. A neat trick since thing it ever posted was
Oingy Boingy
Ethelred
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
Which god? What has been given?
YOUR god never gave anything because the Jehovah of the Bible simply doesn't exist. So it never gave anything.
Ethelred
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
So that is why you won't believe in God? So you can take away the rights of people?
I believe God gave us rights that man cannot take away. You choose to believe that rights can be given and taken by man. How do you decide what rights some men should have and others should not? Skin color? Religious beliefs? Socialist beliefs?
Based upon your comments, you would take away my right to speech, and the rights of others, to challenge your beliefs. That's the atheist way?
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
There are no moratoriums on slavery within the western faiths. It took people like Thomas Paine and Saint Patrick (secular and christian respectively) to make people familiar with what was happening, and people both with and without faith working within republics and monarchies to get the job done.
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
It was a Christian based campaign to end slavery in the British Empire. 'Amazing Grace' was written by a former slave ship captain.
Slavery started in America by a court order extending the indenture servitude to life.
So, slavery in the USA was started by the government.
How can secular republics protect rights that they do not consider inherent?
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
More
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
It IS the RightWingNut Christian Fundamentalist way. But not the AGNOSTIC way.
I would appreciate it if you would quite telling lies about me. If lying is all you can do to gainsay my reasoning perhaps you should take a hard look at the way you behave and what you believe.
Ethelred
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
That must have been really difficult for you to acknowledge that Christians played a part in ending slavery.
Then man can take them away.
Everyone acts out of of their own self interest. Libertarians and free market capitalists acknowledge this and create a system that uses this self interest for everyone's benefit. The butcher cuts the meat so you will buy it from him, not because you don't have a knife and he feels sorry for you.
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
We have had this conversation before. How about you quite impugning every one else this time around. You already started by lying about me.
Ethelred
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
At least agnostic position is an intellectually honest position.
So how do you know human rights are not inherent from God? If you are honest, you can't know.
How does assuming human rights are inherent and God given weaken human rights arguments? It does not. But it does weaken the socialist/statist position that rights are given and taken by the state.
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
More
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
"Love your neighbor as your self."
How?
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Ethelred
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
Why do you have this fantasy about a god giving us anything?How does it add anyhing except fantasy? Especialy when the fantasy bood of the fanatasy ACCEPTS slavery and even killing people for saying Jehovah.
Yes, lying will do that.
Ethelred
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
I don't believe altruism exists and I don't want to design a government on that basis.
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
And that makes the parts where Jehovah tells the Israelites to murder their neighbors go away? Or the parts about ENSLAVING their neighbors?
Evasion is a poor way to argue. I tend to notice. I suppose you learned this nefarious technique from the radio and TV RightWingNuts who lie and evade much like you. It doesn't work in an open forum.
You know, I think that is one of the stupidest responses I have ever seen. I JUST said how we did it. In the same bloody paragraph.
Ethelred
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 4.5 / 5 (4)
How disgusting that you bear false witness against people like myself on these forums and insist that man requires a God to be kind and giving.
A man that requires an authority to give of himself deserves to have no such authority himself.
You consistently holler that the state is authoritarian and takes away your rights, when it is the religion that you cling to that demands the acceptance of slavery of your fellow man.
How can you love your neighbor as you love yourself then go forth and slaughter him to the last man, take his land, murder his wives and sons whilst raping his daughters? That is the moral lesson of Moses.
The moral lesson of Jesus is deficient. If your religion was accurate why didn't he cure all cancers, free all slaves, create a bounty so that we may worship his Lord?
Morality doesn't come from God, it comes from man and your God stole it.
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
Where is the challenge?
I have stated many, many, many times the singular theme of the Bible is faith.
Why is faith important to humans?
You have faith in science and man. Why? Why is it important to have faith. And I mean a generic 'faith' here so don't get so excited.
So, please justify how the USSR, China and other secular states murder and enslave before defending the government.
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (3)
So if you're going to play the generalization game, so will I.
Justify the multitude of genocides commited by religion before you tell me how great God is.
Or maybe you can have a warm glass of grow up and recognize that not all governments are the same just as not all religious adherants are the same.
I don't have any faith in either so I don't know what you're looking for in this assertion.
You lie a lot, marjon. It's entirely contrary to your religion to bear false witness. If you actually had any faith whatsoever you'd be actively trying to avoid doing that.
In getting through to someone as ignorant and hypocritical as you.
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (3)
Nothing good can come of anything posted afterwards. Marjon is a troll defined.
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
It is always the atheists that blame religion for all the evils that men do.
I am pointing out that those desiring a Utopian government have murdered millions, very recently.
Its too bad you don't have faith in anything. Life must be quite hopeless for you.
How can that be? You don't believe in God.
"All men have certain natural, essential, and inherent rights - among which are, the enjoying and defending life and liberty; acquiring, possessing, and protecting, property; and, in a word, of seeking and obtaining happiness. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by this state on account of race, creed, color, sex or national origin. - NH State Constitution 1784"
Ethel claims man has no inherent rights. Do you?
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
Ethel, stating 'you do it' doesn't describe HOW you give yourself rights. So if some people don't want those same rights, they can choose to be slaves?
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (4)
Maybe all your atheist and agnostic friends could do the same.
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 4.7 / 5 (3)
Quite the contrary. It gives me a purpose, to make this life better for everyone after my existence. Yep. Rights are granted by the social majority and those that have the means to take them. That being said, my purpose, and my job as a human being, with empathy and a sense of justice for all, shall be to establish a body of rights granted by humans, for humans, never to be abridged by humans. So say we all.
(Had to get the BSG reference in there.)
Aug 24, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
How do you do that?
Its too bad you atheists don't have the creativity to consider that your rights are inherent from your creator. Your creator is your parents, their parents, etc back to the single cell that somehow emerged from the slime.
We earned our rights by surviving and no society of men can take that away.
The only difference from that story and God is the belief of intelligent intervention.
Why do you have any faith life will get better?
Aug 25, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Aug 25, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (3)
Aug 25, 2010
Rank: 2.8 / 5 (5)
Why should do something so stupid? Just so you can evade another uncomfortable question? By the way that is ANOTHER VILE lie about me.
I think it is about time you apologized for all those lies.
Ethelred
Aug 25, 2010
Rank: 2.8 / 5 (5)
So, they told a fairy story. THEY created the rights. If they had not done so they would not have them. If they DID have inherent rights then they would not have had to fight for them.
That is dumb squared. Also another lie. Disgusting is what you are.
What I really said.
That is just another evasion. For one thing in both the US and Bible it was OK to enslave the children of slaves. Which is not a choice of the slaves. So why did you ask that instead of dealing with the issue?
EVASION.
You posts lately have descended to appalling levels of mendacity and hypocrisy.
Ethelred
Aug 25, 2010
Rank: 3.3 / 5 (4)
Aug 25, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (4)
Wrong, it happens every day in democracies. Typically at the behest of the 'majority'.
If you have no proof your hard work and education will accomplish what you desire, why bother?
How do you deal with systems that defy experiment, there is no evidence and you cannot apply reason?
And you all still refuse to acknowledge that your belief the rights are granted by the state leads to tyranny.
Only when individual humans are recognized as having inherent and unalienable rights is there a possibility state tyranny can be contained.
Aug 25, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
Aug 25, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (3)
Super natural phenomena.
Actually, the majority in CA defined marriage as between a man and a woman. It was a judge that said that was wrong, just as a panel of judges did in MA in violation of the majority in MA.
But we do have a majority that votes to tax the minority more than themselves.
Aug 25, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)