Discovery could challenge established theory of the nucleus
August 26, 2010 by Lisa Zyga(PhysOrg.com) -- By analyzing data from experiments performed earlier this decade at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA), physicists have made observations that seem to conflict with the widely accepted theory of the nucleus.
In 2002, Paul Koehler, a physicist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennesse, and others were measuring neutron resonances in four types of platinum isotopes. These resonance patterns - which are the energies at which the nucleus of a platinum isotope absorbs neutrons - are affected by the motion of the protons and neutrons inside the nucleus. These motions are thought to be chaotic, at least according to random matrix theory, which is used to determine the behavior of large nuclei. However, in a recent study, Koehler and his colleagues found that the protons and neutrons seem to move in a collective way that can't be explained by any known model of nuclear structure.
“The new results suggest that the roughly 200 nucleons inside the platinum nuclei studied act in unison to exhibit regular rather than chaotic properties,” according to a news article from ORNL's website. “Given the relatively high energy and large number of nucleons involved, such collective behavior is totally unexpected and unexplained.”
The researchers say that their results reject the random matrix theory for this data with a 99.997% probability. But to confirm their claim, the scientists need to perform further experiments on the nuclei of other elements besides platinum, which could verify that the discovery is not simply due to an unusual property of platinum nuclei.
However, the problem is that ORELA has been closed due to budget cuts, and is not scheduled to reopen any time soon. The US Department of Energy has said that other research projects are a higher priority for the field of nuclear science. According to Koehler, there is one other place in the world where similar measurements could be made, which is the Geel Electron Linear Accelerator (GELINA) in Geel, Belgium. Here, the physicists could also repeat early experiments regarding random matrix theory performed in the 1970s at Columbia University, and see if the results hold up to modern instruments and analysis methods.
As Koehler explained, resolving the issue could have implications for nuclear reactors. Scientists rely on random matrix theory to estimate the probability of escaping neutrons colliding with nuclei, and use these estimates to determine how much shielding is needed for nuclear reactors and stockpiles. Although some extra shielding is typically added, if more nuclear reactors are going to be built in the future, having an accurate estimate for shielding protection would be an important safety standard.
More information: P. E. Koehler, et al. “Anomalous Fluctuations of s-Wave Reduced Neutron Widths of 192,194Pt Resonances.” Physical Review Letters. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.072502
via: Nature News
© 2010 PhysOrg.com
-
Surprising nucleon behavior
Jul 30, 2010 |
not rated yet |
0
-
Physicists pin down the proton-halo state in Flourine-17
May 26, 2010 |
not rated yet |
0
-
Extra large carbon
Feb 09, 2010 |
not rated yet |
0
-
The 'Magic' of Tin
Aug 06, 2010 |
not rated yet |
0
-
Nuclear physics incorporates a 'strange' flavor
Jul 30, 2010 |
not rated yet |
0
-
Engineers build first sub-10-nm carbon nanotube transistor
Feb 01, 2012 |
4.9 / 5 (31) |
30
-
Something old, something new: Evolution and the structural divergence of duplicate genes
Jan 31, 2012 |
4.6 / 5 (7) |
1
-
The hidden nanoworld of ice crystals: Revealing the dynamic behavior of quasi-liquid layers
Jan 30, 2012 |
5 / 5 (3) |
1
-
Stock market network reveals investor clustering
Jan 27, 2012 |
3.9 / 5 (23) |
8
-
Of microchemistry and molecules: Electronic microfluidic device synthesizes biocompatible probes
Jan 26, 2012 |
5 / 5 (1) |
0
-
Liverpool vs Manchester United
1 hour ago
-
Wearing black in a desert
1 hour ago
-
Did space exist before mass?
1 hour ago
-
How can E&M Waves be polarized?
1 hour ago
-
Does light travel for ever?
2 hours ago
-
Infinity by Particles
3 hours ago
- More from Physics Forums - General Physics
More news stories
Putting the squeeze on planets outside our solar system
(PhysOrg.com) -- Using high-powered lasers, scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and collaborators discovered that molten magnesium silicate undergoes a phase change in the liquid state, abruptly ...
8 hours ago |
4.4 / 5 (5) |
0
|
Hovering not hard if you're top-heavy, researchers find
Top-heavy structures are more likely to maintain their balance while hovering in the air than are those that bear a lower center of gravity, researchers at New York University's Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences ...
9 hours ago |
5 / 5 (1) |
1
|
SLAC, Stanford team focuses on high-energy electrons to treat cancer
Accelerator physicists at SLAC and cancer specialists from Stanford are working on a new technology that could dramatically reduce the time needed for cancer radiation treatments. The team ran an initial experiment ...
12 hours ago |
5 / 5 (1) |
0
Measurements from high-energy collisions lead to better understanding of why meson particles disappear
For several years, physicists at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), USA, have studied an unusual state of matter called the quarkgluon plasma, which they ...
13 hours ago |
4.5 / 5 (2) |
0
Explained: Sigma
It's a question that arises with virtually every major new finding in science or medicine: What makes a result reliable enough to be taken seriously? The answer has to do with statistical significance -- but ...
Feb 09, 2012 |
5 / 5 (16) |
53
Google users warned of threat to smartphone wallets
Users of Google smartphone wallets were being warned on Friday that there is a way to crack pass codes intended to thwart thieves from going on illicit shopping sprees.
Anonymous knocks CIA website offline (Update)
The website of the Central Intelligence Agency was inaccessible on Friday after the hacker group Anonymous claimed to have knocked it offline.
Complex wiring of the nervous system may rely on a just a handful of genes and proteins
Researchers at the Salk Institute have discovered a startling feature of early brain development that helps to explain how complex neuron wiring patterns are programmed using just a handful of critical genes. ...
New error-correcting codes guarantee the fastest possible rate of data transmission
Error-correcting codes are one of the triumphs of the digital age. Theyre a way of encoding information so that it can be transmitted across a communication channel such as an optical fiber o ...
The power of estrogen -- male snakes attract other males
A new study has shown that boosting the estrogen levels of male garter snakes causes them to secrete the same pheromones that females use to attract suitors, and turned the males into just about the sexiest ...
Humans may have helped the decline of African rainforests 3000 years ago
(PhysOrg.com) -- Large areas of rainforests in Central Africa mysteriously disappeared over three thousand years ago, to be replaced by savannas. The prevailing theory has been that the cause was a change ...
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (16)
And this could yield new methods of nuclear chemistry that would allow us transmute elements as readily as we synthesize complex molecules today - which would have far-reaching implications with everything from energy production to nuclear waste treatment to advanced research.
Isn’t it about time the US reversed ‘the brain drain’ and recommitted to frontier research like this again?
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 1.2 / 5 (21)
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (13)
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 3.5 / 5 (8)
http://www.physor...994.html
Random matrix theory usually assumes natural thermodynamical model: that when we don't know which linear projection 'is happening', because of mathematical theorems like maximum uncertainty principle, we should assume uniform (or more generally Boltzmann) probability distribution among possible ones.
'Volume' (Jacobian) of matrices of given set of eigenvalues is proportional to their Vandermondian, what gives eigenvalues thermodynamical repelling with logarithmic potential (characteristic for 2D dynamics).
So using them to model nucleus is kind of saying that they have only thermodynamical/fluctuating structure ... while intuition suggest that they should be near some concrete structure of energetic minimum - so maybe we should rather try to start with soliton models like skyrmions succesfully used to model single mesons, baryons ...
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (7)
Really? More important than rewriting entire physics books of our understanding of atoms? Other than a full scale working fusion reactor I fail to understand that statement.
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 4.9 / 5 (10)
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 3.1 / 5 (7)
http://news.stanf...310.html
Decay times depend on Sun activity!
It's another argument that we shouldn't look at nucleuses from blurred, fluctuating quantum picture, but rather as a concrete spatial structure near (local?) energy minimum (so called soliton).
To get it out of this local minimum, there is needed energy - many orders of magnitude larger than in chemistry.
Standard assumption: Boltzmann distribution suggests that rarely, but it really can spontaneously gather huge amount of energy ... but maybe it's only idealization, chemistry can have some limits ... and so we should search for another source of this energy ... like neutrinos!
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (4)
Elements boron to calcium proton axies at tetrahedral corners, neutron axes at tetrahedral faces.
Elements scandium to barium proton axes at cube corners, neutron axes at the middle of cube edges.
Elements above baruim proton axes at cube corners and cube face centers. Neutron axes at cube edges and between every cube corner and cube face center.
Always the outer shell wants to be filled. Axis length varies. But I am nobody.
Aug 26, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (3)
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 4.1 / 5 (7)
@Jarek: I think scattering experiments would illustrate that the nucleons behave in a quantum manner. Furthermore, Boltzmann distributions don't imply that particles 'spontaneously' develop energy, merely that after sufficient interactions with large numbers of particles, some particles will have absorbed more energy through collisions than others. Finally how do you propose to use neutrinos as an energy source? They interact so extremely rarely (only via the weak force) that we must build giant vats of water to see them, and when we do see them, we need photomultiplier tubes to multiply the energy they deposit to levels that can be measured.
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 3.2 / 5 (5)
My initial ha ha moment was to realise that both positive and negative charges are integer valued cries out that every proton wants to relate to exactly one electron.
So here is a way to organise the nucleus in a way that positive charge is not lumped together as a net integer value, like a bag of marbles.
Proton to neutron ratio is within the stable zone of the periodic table.
Ok so a lot is speculation. Gotta start somewhere.
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (8)
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
Yes, Boltzmann distribution says that some particles have more energy than others ... but how far does it work well?
Can we really be sure that chemistry energy regime thermodynamics still works well in qualitatively different nuclear energy regime?
Neutrinos interact extremely rarely - require perfect scattering conditions, but there is huge amount of them and so we want to see their absorption as statistical process (mathematically: Poisson Theorem).
Then the applying rules are mainly conservation laws: their energy have to stored somewhere.
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 1.3 / 5 (6)
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
http://www.symmet...lements/
but such claims need a few decades to be deeply verified ... especially in extremely conservative scientific society, for which not understanding something doesn't disturb putting faith in it - like that decay constants by definition just have to be constant ...
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 4.7 / 5 (6)
http://www.symmet...lements/
but such claims need a few decades to be deeply verified ..."
And that's the problem. It has been 25 years since initial claims were made, by Dr Fischbach, at least: http://www.rexres...erch.htm
After all this time and research, this "fifth force" seems as mysterious and undefined as it ever was (though I'm sure proponents may say otherwise). Where is the work of independent researchers who are seriously looking into these claims? I don't see a lot of activity regarding further research of these claims. Isn't it a bit premature to put much stock in a theory that (as its proponents clearly state...in your link) has many unknowns and is in need of further research?
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
I haven't done experiments myself, so I have to use standard way like trusting experimental evidenced published in good journals in many peer-reviewed papers ... especially that they generally agree with my considerations on given topic - do you have a better way?
http://www.scienc...29dabe08
Do you know peer-reviewed papers showing opposite results?
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (2)
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 4.4 / 5 (5)
This source has a few: http://www.illc.u...pp4.html
"The torsion-balance experiments of Eöt-Wash were repeated by others including (Cowsik et al. 1988; Fitch, Isaila and Palmer 1988; Adelberger 1989; Bennett 1989; Newman, Graham and Nelson 1989; Stubbs et al. 1989; Cowsik et al. 1990; Nelson, Graham and Newman 1990). These repetitions, in different locations and using different substances, gave consistently negative results. In addition, Bizzeti and collaborators (1989a; 1989b), using a float apparatus similar to that of Thieberger, also obtained results showing no evidence of a Fifth Force"
Are you unfamiliar with these or any papers critical of this theory?
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
What basis for such assumption do we have?
Shouldn't we really understand nuclear physics before such claims?
Do we?
And do you really see claiming new fundamental force similar to statistical analysis of experimental results of others, claiming that assumption without real basis is imperfect - an approximation?
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (6)
Point taken. These were specifically related to "fifth force" experiments and attempts to replicate published results (that ended rather poorly). I would note that the present research that indicates a possible new particle or interaction, is, like the "fifth force", purely speculative in nature and, as proponents point out, more work is needed with theory and observation. I'm not trying to argue against the possibility that something new or unknown is being observed here, just that some conjectures seem premature, as with some "fifth force" claims.
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (2)
About forces - we know that there are two natural: EM and gravity, which (approximately) can be described using completely natural Maxwell's equations (defined by just E*E+B*B energy density)...
The other two looks already very strange - works only on concrete distances - like they were a result of structures of this size - effective interactions ... ?
It's not a problem to introduce 5th and succeeding effective forces - the real question is to distinguish really fundamental from effective ones - reason from result.
cheers
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (6)
photons emit energywaves and there is coming outside from billion and billion other photons energy who giving for photon pressure from outside.
Thats why photons emit energy who giving pressure for some others phtons later.
Just like theres coming energy to stars from billions and billion other stars.
Also inside photons moving very small partickle all a time and this particle emit more energy for photons who expanding all a time almost same way what atoms. Juts almost.
Thats why there is old light who is redshifting.
There is no gravity at all.
No expanding space.
No dark matter.
Google. Etimespace, youtube videos
Thank you
.
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (6)
Old light photons is a redshifting, because they pushing themselfs far away all way long, what expanding photons moving in space who dont expanding at all.
.
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 1.7 / 5 (9)
That is the energy source that powers the Sun and the cosmos.
With kind regards,
Oliver K. Manuel
Aug 27, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
Aug 28, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (1)
Well I'll be. I thought you were a nutter, but then I found this article about your work (it turns out that Dr. Oliver Manuel here is professor of nuclear chemistry at the University of Missouri-Rolla):
Scientist says neutron stars, not black holes, at center of galaxies
http://www.physor...658.html
Here's the link to the paper:
On the Cosmic Nuclear Cycle and the Similarity of Nuclei and Stars
http://arxiv.org/...1051.pdf
I've got some reading to do (I'm a junkie for weird new ideas like this), but I have to know, Dr. Manuel: does your theory of neutron repulsion yield a more accurate calculation of the nuclear mass spectrum than the semi-empirical mass formula?
Aug 28, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
So what theory might replace it? How might protons and neutrons be organized, and move, in a collective way? There is a theory developed by Art Winfree in the '60s, known as coupled oscillator theory. He applied it to biology (heart cells, Malaysian fireflies). Kuramoto developed it further, and it was extended mathematically by Steve Strogatz of Cornell (Sync), Stewart and others.
The essence is that regular limit cycle oscillations (vibrations, resonances) will organize a group of oscillators (protons, neutrons) in a variety of certain exact patterns. Not randomly. Think of the specific gaits of a horse.
See my elaboration of this point at Phys Org in the superconductivity section, most recently in the "Roller Coaster Superconductivity" article of August 18. I describe it in six or seven posts.
Borrow Winfree's theory. It explains this phenomenon.
Aug 28, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
Winfree was a MacArthur prize winner, among other honors.
Aug 28, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (2)
What is that one thing?
RESONANCE. That the very fabric of the universe is one of systems of resonance in balance.
and the only thing that supports that workable and working scenario is toroidal gyroscopic particles..and the only thing that works to describe their behavior on all levels, as a dead simple model, is one of near infinite 2d oscillating fields in balance against one another (inne and an outie)...and thus creating a vector-observation point we call '3d reality' one with time as a unidirectional aspect.
That simple model allows for all known, suspected, speculated and even all psychic, dimensional aspects etc - with zero flaws in the base theory.
All is inclusive.
Aug 28, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (3)
Aug 30, 2010
Rank: 4.3 / 5 (11)
There’s a right way to gain support for your favorite crackpot physics theory, and a wrong way.
The right way is: A.) write an excellent paper with a series of convincing mathematical proofs and predictions, B.) have it published (or failing that, convince a science journalist that it’s worth writing an article about), and C.) successfully defend your work against the torrential onslaught of compelling criticism that will invariably follow if your ideas are worth arguing about.
The wrong way is: A.) hijack every thread at a professional science board related to fundamental physics issues by posting an endless series of incoherent partial arguments that convince only yourself that you have something of value to share with the world, thereby alienating and infuriating precisely the people who you need to convince.
Btw, not already knowing this basic truth reduces the likelihood of your argument having any merit to less than 1%.
Aug 30, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (8)
Aug 30, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
For me, your last point is correct. BUT, if explanations don't have any truth to them, what's the point? The bible makes sense to some people, but that doesn't make it true. I am ok with the fact that some fundamental truths are just very complicated. I don't care who said reality had to be beautiful; that's just us projecting our own human desires and has no affect on anything. You start with fundamental, mathematical facts, THEN you break it down to the layman, NOT the other way around.
Aug 30, 2010
Rank: 2.1 / 5 (7)
The energy is spreading in transverse waves from source at water surface, but after reaching certain distance it disperses into underwater waves and returns back in tiny noise, mediated with longitudinal, very fast waves. These tiny waves are bringing information from outside of existing level of reality. You can reach the deeper understanding of physics just by learning of many subtle connections and fuzzy analogies, i.e. by intuition. Just after these fuzzy connection will emerge into a new phase, you can build a new formal theory on them safely. Without it it's just an ad-hoced guess.
Aug 30, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (6)
For example geocentric model was superseded with heliocentric one on background of insights of Galileo about exterior of solar system. We can even observe the traces of formal gauge theories in Kepler's polyhedral models of solar system, which supported epicycle models. It was real top of formal geometric physics of medieval era.
But Galileo ignored it completely and he promoted dual model on background of non-formal, seemingly incoherent logical arguments, like Venus phases, shadows of Lunar craters, etc. I'm just replicating his approach by introduction a new, more general reference frame for universe understanding, i.e. emergent aether model.
Many formal theorists are pursuing emergent models of reality from their own side, too - as the boundaries between intrinsic (formal) and extrinsic (non-formal, intuitive) perspectives of reality understanding aren't very sharp there.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.4147
Aug 30, 2010
Rank: 1.4 / 5 (9)
Here is the latest paper, "Neutron Repulsion." [ http://db.tt/yxaIAGN ]
Neutron repulsion in the solar core releases Hydrogen as a waste product.
That's why the Sun discards hydrogen in the solar wind.
With kind regards,
Oliver K. Manuel
Former NASA Principal
Investigator for Apollo
Aug 31, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
Is any reality out there independently from what our senses or instruments tell us? Would there be "reality" if we didn't have senses and instruments? Are quarks and gluons real? Or are they just model entities? Do mathematics describe reality or define what we call "reality" (and thereby program our reality)?
What if the "fundamental facts" cannot be broken down to the layman because their description is not possible without terms that don't have meaning in the layman's world (QM - unitary operators, Hilbert spaces)?
We don't know reality. But we know our models which we sometimes call "reality" and that's why we are allowed to long for the beauty of "reality".
Aug 31, 2010
Rank: 2.3 / 5 (6)
Concept of Hilbert spaces are depending on the assumption of right-angled Euclidean geometry. Inside of density fluctuations this geometry is preferred because just 3D spheres exhibit most compact arrangement - but it's not required.
Aug 31, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)
I wasn't trying to make an epistemological argument. You probably know this but want to argue just to argue. I do the same thing, but I try not to. I now realize how annoying I am to most people. This site it getting real old real fast. I take my nerdery in doses.
Aug 31, 2010
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (6)
Thank you, your work is fascinating. The 3D chart of the nuclides in your paper clearly reveals an underlying order of binding energy, mass, and charge. It's quite elegant really.
And I find the graphical analysis of the nuclides chart to be a compelling argument for the existence of neutron repulsion. But it appears that there may be significant extrapolation involved in the parabolic intercept technique used to plot the theoretical maxima of positive potential energies at the Z/A = 1 and Z/A = 0 surfaces of the chart. Perhaps I missed something, but the parabolic fitting appears a little arbitrary.
And I thought that in the 1930's Meitner and Frisch calculated that the energy of Uranium fission products could be accounted for by the repulsive electrostatic force of the protons, and the 'energy accounting' has been airtight ever since. If neutron repulsion is such a significant nuclear force/energy, then how do you think we could have missed it for 50 yea
Sep 06, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
Sometimes I do intend to be annoying, but not in this case.
Sep 07, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
It's cool. I couldn't tell if you wanted a response from me or if you were doing what you just indicated.
Sep 07, 2010
Rank: not rated yet
Does reality have to be "beautiful," or simply explained? I don't see why. Could physicist be looking at things in a fundamentally wrong direction? I've wondered if our current theories simply make the math easier or work better and don't explain anything better at all.
As far as math: It's safe to believe in non-zero values, but we kind of made up the idea of zero. Would anything make sense without an arbitrary reference point? Has a system not having 10, 100, 1000, etc been tested with computers?
Sep 07, 2010
Rank: 2 / 5 (4)
Sep 07, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (6)
Could you explain to us how protons and neutrons boil please?
Sep 07, 2010
Rank: 1.7 / 5 (6)
http://kft.umcs.l...4316.pdf
Sep 07, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
What version of the liquid drop model are you claiming AWT closely follows? Your reference is comparing four different variants. And precisely how does it differ from that variant?
Sep 07, 2010
Rank: 3 / 5 (4)
No, explain to us how a molecular action could occur to subatomic components.
Sep 07, 2010
Rank: 2.5 / 5 (6)
Sep 07, 2010
Rank: 2.6 / 5 (5)
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 1 / 5 (5)
http://en.wikiped...telgeuse
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (6)
Aside from saying that they're acting like molecules in fluid, you need to show how they are acting like molecules in fluid, you msut then tell us how the change state from liquid to gas.
You did say they were "boiling". Explain yourself.
And no, the wiki entry for Betelgeuse doesn't explain anything, nor is it relevant to your statement.
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (3)
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
Already added to the list.
My, my, looking at my profile, he's been a busy little lady as of late.You mean, people who study physics. No, sorry, that isn't boiling. If you don't know what basic concepts, like "state change", are then perhaps you shouldn't refer to others as trolls.
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (5)
So what were you smoking when you came up with this impossible notion that the weak force was repulsive or attractive at all?
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 4.2 / 5 (5)
Are you confusing the electromagnetic force with the weak nuclear force? Even if that was the case you'd still be in error as it matters not whether it is a particle or antiparticle to calculate repulsion and attraction.
It is rather telling that you linked Dunning Krueger rather than the weak nuclear force entry from wikipedia.
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
I'd strongly suggest you invest in an education. Then you can change that screen name into "highschool physics11" rather than "wiki11".
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 4 / 5 (4)
Sep 08, 2010
Rank: 3.7 / 5 (3)
http://www.partic...eak.html
When you're done with that one I have a few thousand more. Just let us know when you're ready.I have a few million pages for that one. We're going to need a lot of time. As I've said in the past, I have 14 years in this field and I learn new things everyday. You have zero years within the field and haven't learned a thing.
The results speak to the wonderous achievements that education will bring you. I'd strongly suggest you try it.
Sep 10, 2010
Rank: 5 / 5 (1)