At the end of the summer, crews opened the "doors" that seal the front end of the detector, exposing its belly. In a delicate operation, the collaboration has been putting new muon detectors in four of the six sides of the 3-story-tall hexagon that makes up the overall detector's outer layer. With the final sextant successfully installed on Monday, BaBar now sports a vastly improved system for identifying muons and reconstructing rare but important decays.

"This is the most invasive change to BaBar in its history. The detector was not designed to be taken apart. It's tricky," said LST commissioner Mark Convery.

The performance of the original muon detectors, called Resistive Plate Chambers, declined unexpectedly and steadily soon after BaBar turned on in 1999. By 2002 it had become clear they could not be saved.

"We had no choice but to replace them, even though the project would require an enormous effort by BaBar and SLAC engineering and technical staff under severe time pressure," reported Stewart Smith of Princeton University, BaBar's spokesperson at the time the decision was made.

"A lot of the physics we're going after at this point requires identifying muons. The detectors were losing one percent efficiency a month. Without replacing the muon system, there would be no efficiency left before the experiment's scheduled end," said BaBar Technical Coordinator Bill Wisniewski.

An Italian-US collaboration designed and built Limited Streamer Tubes (LSTs), tubes filled with gas that ionizes as particles stream through. LSTs were placed in the top and bottom sextants of the hexagon during the down time in 2004.

"The LSTs have had excellent performance so far, restoring BaBar's muon identification capability in these sextants," said Roberto Calabrese of the University of Ferrara, LST system co-manager, along with Smith.

Completing the job this year was far more complex than two years ago, partly because the remaining four sextants are on an angle, and thousands of cables needed to be moved and disconnected.

One of the toughest engineering challenges has been supporting the weight of one of the inner layers, the over 30-ton electromagnetic calorimeter, so crews could remove its regular supports to get to and remove layers of steel that otherwise block the slots where the LSTs slide in. In the hexagon, called the Instrumented Flux Return, layers of iron alternate with slots that now hold LSTs and brass. The iron shapes the magnetic field in the inner layers to measure momentum. The brass, a new addition, helps soak up pions, making it even easier to distinguish between muons and pions.

The detector will be sealed again by January 5, fully ready for the remaining two years of BaBar operations.

Source: By Heather Rock Woods, SLAC Today