In Depth: Rain, winds and haze during the descent to Titan

Images from the DISR Side-Looking Imager and from the Medium Resolution Imager, acquired after landing, were merged to produce this image. The horizon’s position implies a pitch of the DISR, nose-upward, by 1-2° with no measurable roll. ‘Stones’ in the foreground are 10-15 cm in size, presumably made of water ice, and these lie on a darker, finer-grained substrate. Credits: ESA/NASA/University of Arizona

The irreversible conversion of methane into other hydrocarbons in Titan's stratosphere implies a surface or subsurface 'reservoir' of methane. Although the NASA/ESA/ASI Cassini orbiter has not seen a global surface reservoir, and DISR images do not show liquid hydrocarbon pools on the surface either, this instrument's images do reveal the traces of flowing liquid.

Right: Images recorded by the Huygens DISR between 17 and 8 km were assembled to produce this panoramic mosaic. The probe groundtrack is indicated as points; north is up. Narrow dark linear markings, interpreted as channels, cut through the brighter terrain. The complex channel network implies precipitation (likely as methane ‘rain’) and possibly springs. Credits: ESA/NASA/Univ. of Arizona

The DISR imagers provided views of Titan's previously unseen surface, thus allowing a deeper understanding of the moon's geology. Surprisingly like Earth, the brighter highland regions show complex systems draining into flat, dark lowlands, possibly dry lake or river beds.

Images taken after landing in one of these lowland areas show more than 50 stones which vary between 3 mm and 15 cm in diameter. No rocks larger than 15 cm are seen. This size distribution suggests that rocks larger than 15 cm cannot be transported to the lakebed, while small pebbles (less than 5 cm) are quickly removed from the surface.

From these features, along with apparent 'ponds' and elongated 'islands' oriented parallel to the 'coastline', the scientists can propose explanations for the nature of the brightness variations spread throughout the images.

They appear to be controlled by a flow of 'runny' liquids (consistent with methane, ethane or both) down slopes, whether caused by precipitation or springs.

Right: This reflection spectrum of the surface was obtained after landing using an on-board lamp (red line). The surface is dark and brownish. The reflectivity shows absorption probably due to water ice. The slope of the reflectivity in the infrared is unlike any existing laboratory measurements. Spectra of two different organic tholins (black lines) are shown for comparison. These laboratory analogues of Titan’s photochemical end-products are consistent with the visible spectrum of the surface but cannot explain its infrared reflection spectrum. Credits: ESA/NASA/Univ. of Arizona

The light–dark brightness difference can be explained by the 'irrigation' of the bright terrain, with darker material being removed and carried into the channels, which discharge into the region 'offshore', thereby darkening it.

'Aeolian' (wind) processes, such as gusts, and Titan's low gravity may aid this migration.

The surface science lamp worked exactly as planned, permitting surface reflection measurements even in strong methane absorption bands. Operations after landing included the collection of successive images as well as spectral reflectance measurements of the surface illuminated by the lamp from an assumed height of roughly 30 cm.

The infrared reflectance spectrum — the rise and fall of brightness at different wavelengths of light — measured for the surface is unlike any other in the Solar System. There are signs of organic materials such as 'tholins', and dips in the brightness consistent with water ice are also seen. However, the most intriguing feature in the surface spectrum is an infrared signature of a material not matched by any combination of spectra of ices and complex organics found on Earth.

These spectra also show a methane abundance near the surface of 5 +/-1%, which is in precise agreement with the 4.9% in situ measurements made by the probe's Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer. The corresponding relative humidity of methane is about 50%.

Therefore, the surface is not 'bone dry', but this does rule out extensive ground fogs in the vicinity of the landing site caused by methane alone.

These are DISR spectra of the atmosphere of Titan (i.e. changes in the amount of light with colour or wavelength). The light intensity measured by the visible spectrometer looking upward in the direction opposite the Sun increases as altitude decreases. This change in brightness is due to the increase of the number of aerosol particles, scattering the sunlight, above the probe as it descends through the atmosphere. Visible and infrared spectra recorded in various directions provide information on the number density and properties of the 'haze' particles. Credits: ESA/NASA/Univ. of Arizona

Taken together, these new observations make clearer the role of methane in shaping the surface of Titan and how it is recycled into the atmosphere. The substantial relative humidity of methane and the obvious evidence of fluid flow on the surface provide evidence for methane 'rain' and subsequent evaporation. Some hints of 'cryovolcanic' flows may also be present in the images.

By assembling the panoramic mosaics, the Huygens scientists could determine the descent trajectory as part of an iterative process of image reconstruction. The trajectory could be used to derive the probe ground track and see how wind speeds changed with altitude.

They found that the probe drifted steadily east-northeast due to Titan's 'prograde' (in the direction of rotation of the moon) winds. It slowed from near 30 to 10 m/s between altitudes of 50 and 30 km and then slowed more rapidly (from 10 to 4 m/s) between altitudes of 30 and 20 km.

The winds dropped to zero and reversed at around 7 km, near the expected top of the planetary boundary layer, producing a west-northwestwardly motion for about 1 km during the last 15 minutes of the descent.

This figure shows horizontal wind speed and direction as a function of altitude from DWE and DISR. The green lines are the DISR data and the blue lines are the high-altitude DWE data (showing reasonable consistency between the two). Titan’s eastward winds slow from about 28 m/s at 50 km to 10 m/s near 30 km, then decrease more rapidly down to 7 km where they drop to zero. Below 7 km, the expected top of the boundary layer, the winds reverse and blow westward. Credits: ESA/NASA/Univ. of Arizona

The Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE) data which were obtained from two Earth-based telescopes have confirmed the findings of the DISR and provided a high-resolution vertical profile of Titan's winds.

The DWE not only confirmed the considerable turbulence above 120 km and the eastward drift in prograde winds, but also the weak retrograde (westward) winds near the surface.

Significantly, this experiment provided the first in situ confirmation of Titan's 'superrotation' (the atmosphere is moving faster than the surface). Unexpectedly, it also found a layer of very low wind velocity between 60 and 100 km altitude, which is presently unexplained.

This summary is based on papers which appear on line in Nature, on 30 November 2005.

Source: ESA