Hubble Observations Provide Insight into Planet Birth

The top view, taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, shows light reflected off dust in a debris disk around the young star AU Microscopii. The annotated bottom frame points out the important features in this image. The image shows the flattened disk, appearing like Saturn's rings, but seen almost exactly edge-on. Normally, starlight would be so bright that the debris disk could not be seen. But astronomers used the coronagraph on Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), which blocked out most of the starlight. The black circle in the center of the image is the coronagraph's occulting disk. The disk in this image extends to about 8 billion miles from the star, or three times farther than Neptune is from the Sun. In other observations, the disk has been traced to at least 11 billion miles. The only light seen is starlight reflected off dust in the debris disk. Astronomers used polarizing filters on the ACS to analyze the dust in the disk. The white lines in the bottom image illustrate the direction a light wave is oscillating. The length of the line represents the degree to which all the light waves are oscillating in the same direction. The astronomers used the polarized light from AU Microscopii's disk to deduce information about the size, shape, and other physical properties of the dust. The dust is roughly 10 times larger than typical interstellar dust grains, which are about the size of smoke particles. These "snowflakes" are evidence of the early steps in the process by which planets grow from tiny dust grains. The image was taken Aug. 1, 2004. Credit: NASA, ESA, J. R. Graham and P. Kalas (University of California, Berkeley), and B. Matthews (Hertzberg Institute of Astrophysics)