Cryptography: Using Math to Keep Computers Secure

(PhysOrg.com) -- Math PhD student Daniel Cabarcas studies polynomials to help fight the algebraic attacks that threaten computer security.

Data security. It’s a chief concern in a society that revolves around digital prowess. With varying online activities, from communicating and shopping to filing taxes and paying bills, an abundance of private information is sent out into cyberspace.

It’s the job of cryptographers—people who develop algorithms to ensure secrecy, integrity and authenticity of information—to make sure that information remains secure.

Faculty and students in the Applied Algebra and Cryptography Group, led by Mathematical Sciences Professor Jintai Ding, are doing just that. The interdisciplinary group, consisting of people from the Department of Mathematical Sciences in the McMicken College of Arts and Sciences and in the Department of Computer Science in the College of Engineering & Applied Science, is using algebra to solve problems in coding theory, cryptology and other areas of computer security.

A popular method of computer security involves public key encryption, a process through which a public key is used to encrypt a message that only a secret complementary private key can decrypt.

The technology is widely used, but the security is being jeopardized by a new generation of attacks called algebraic attacks.

“An algebraic attack consists of deciphering an encrypted message by solving a system of polynomial equations,” says Daniel Cabarcas, a PhD student in the Department of Mathematical Sciences. “For virtually any encryption scheme, the problem of finding the secret key can be translated into a problem of solving a system of polynomial equations. We investigate the scope of these attacks by studying the complexity of solving systems of polynomial equations.”

Cabarcas, a Taft Graduate Dissertation Fellow, was recently named a Distinguished Dissertation Fellow by the Graduate School for his project, “Mutant Domestication, a Revolution in Polynomial Solving and Cryptanalysis.”

He came to UC as a master’s student in the computer science program after spending his undergraduate career in his home country at University of Colombia. When he started working closely with Professor Ding (now his advisor) on cryptography, he switched to the PhD track in Mathematical Sciences. He earned his MA in computer science this year and will earn his PhD in 2011.

The most interesting part of his cryptography research, Cabarcas says, is the interaction between math and computer science. “There is a permanent tension between ideas that lead to fast algorithms and the need for a solid ground that allows us to make firm statements.”

Fast algorithms indeed. In 2006, Ding discovered mutant polynomials—certain lower degree polynomials that can be used to increase speed and efficiency of security systems. This year Ding, Cabarcas and their collaborators at the Technical University of Darmstadt—led by Professor Johannes Buchmann, director of the Center of Advanced Security Research Darmstadt in Germany—were able to introduce the world’s fastest and most memory-efficient polynomial solver, called the Mutant Gröbner Basis Algorithm (MGB).

As the heart of his research, Cabarcas anticipates mutant polynomials to have a significant impact on computer security.

“I hope my research will yield accurate security levels for algebraic attacks to cryptographic schemes and fast polynomial solvers,” he says.

“Accurate security levels will increase security in communications and improve confidence in public networks like the Internet. As an economic motor or as a free communication hub, improved Internet security can have a great impact in communities.”

Provided by University of Cincinnati